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Organizational Behavior, 14e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 12 Basic Approaches to Leadership John Kotter's view argues that management focuses on coping with complexity, whereas leadership focuses on coping with ________. A) conflict B) success C) defeat D) morale E) change Answer: E Explanation: Manageme...

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Organizational Behavior, 14e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 12 Basic Approaches to Leadership 1) John Kotter's view argues that management focuses on coping with complexity, whereas leadership focuses on coping with ________. A) conflict B) success C) defeat D) morale E) change Answer: E Explanation: Management, according to John Kotter of the Harvard Business School, pertains to coping with complexity. By drawing up formal plans, designing rigid organizational structures, and monitoring results against these plans, good managers create order and maintain consistency. In contrast, Kotter defines leadership as the ability to deal effectively with change. When leaders develop a vision of the future, they establish a new direction by bringing people together and inspiring them to overcome obstacles. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 376 Topic: What Is Leadership? Skill: AACSB: Communication Objective: Management and Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 2) Leadership is best defined as ________. A) the ability to influence a group in goal achievement B) keeping order and consistency in the midst of change C) implementing the vision and strategy provided by management D) coordinating and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems E) not a relevant variable in modern organizations Answer: A Explanation: Leadership is defined as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. Management, on the other hand, relates primarily to maintaining order and consistency. Good leaders establish a vision and inspire others to follow a new direction to achieve these goals. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 376 Topic: What Is Leadership? Skill: AACSB: Communication Objective: Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1

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3) Which of the following statements regarding leadership is true? A) All leaders are managers. B) Formal rights enable managers to lead effectively. C) All managers are leaders. D) All leaders are hierarchically superior to followers. E) Nonsanctioned leadership is as important as or more important than formal influence. Answer: E Explanation: Although some leaders emerge after rising through the ranks of an organization, many others result from nonsanctioned leadership–the ability to influence that arises outside the formal structure of the organization. Nonsanctioned leadership is often as important or more important than formal influence. Not all gifted leaders are competent managers, and not all great managers are inspired leaders. Formal appointment to a leadership position does not guarantee effective leadership. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 377 Topic: What Is Leadership? Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Leadership Quest. Category: Critical Thinking LO: 1 4) Which theory differentiates leaders from nonleaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics? A) Fiedler's perspective B) characteristic theory C) LPC D) contingency theory E) trait theory Answer: E Explanation: Trait theory focuses on personal qualities and characteristics. Researchers study personal, social, physical, or intellectual qualities possessed by great leaders that distinguish them from nonleaders. Many strong leaders throughout history, including Buddha, Napoleon, Mao, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Reagan have been described in terms of their traits, and the earliest stages of leadership research sought to uncover unique sets of traits exemplified by great leaders. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 377 Topic: Trait Theories Skill: AACSB: Communication Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

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5) According to a comprehensive review of the leadership literature, what is the most important trait of effective leaders? A) conscientiousness B) openness C) extraversion D) agreeableness E) emotional stability Answer: C Explanation: Years of accumulated research pertaining to trait theory has found extraversion to be the most important trait possessed by strong leaders. Extraversion is strongly related to leader emergence, although it does not necessarily predict leader effectiveness. Sociable and dominant people are more likely to assert themselves in group situations, and leaders who like being around people and are able to assert themselves have an apparent advantage over those who are more introverted. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 378 Topic: Trait Theories Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 6) Recent studies indicate that ________ may indicate effective leadership. A) an endless supply of terrific ideas B) a compelling vision C) a highly analytical mind D) outstanding training E) emotional intelligence Answer: E Explanation: Emotional intelligence (EI) is vital to effective leadership because leaders who possess emotional intelligence also have empathy for their followers. Empathetic leaders are better at listening to others and can sense their needs and read their reactions. These qualities are increasingly important as a potential leader moves up within an organization. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 378 Topic: Trait Theories Skill: AACSB: Communication Objective: Emotional Intelligence and Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

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7) Emotional intelligence is so critical to effective leadership because one of its core components is ________. A) conscientiousness B) empathy C) openness D) extroversion E) agreeableness Answer: B Explanation: When leaders show empathy, caring about their followers and the obstacles they may face, these leaders are often rewarded with greater loyalty. Empathetic leaders are better able to listen to their followers, gain a sense of their needs, and anticipate their reactions in advance. Followers of an empathetic leader are more willing to stay with him or her during turbulent times. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 378 Topic: Trait Theories Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 8) There is fairly strong evidence that traits can predict ________ more accurately than leadership effectiveness. A) leadership emergence B) extroversion in leaders C) leadership awareness D) leadership competence E) the conscientiousness of leaders Answer: A Explanation: Generally speaking, traits can be used to predict leadership propensity. However, current studies have concluded that trait research does a better job predicting leader emergence than leader effectiveness. Although a potential leader may possess an ideal set of traits, he or she may not be successful at directing others to achieve goals. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 378 Topic: Trait Theories Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

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9) If trait theories of leadership are valid, then leaders are ________. A) trained B) born C) authoritarian D) educated E) grown Answer: B Explanation: Trait theories of leadership focus on personal, social, physical, or intellectual attributes possessed by great leaders. These attributes, or traits, are innate and present at birth. Proponents of trait theories of leadership argue that possession of these particular traits determines who will become a strong leader. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 377-378 Topic: Trait Theories Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 10) If behavioral leadership theories are correct, then ________. A) leadership behaviors are consistent B) leaders are born with leadership behaviors C) leaders' behavior should be altered D) leadership can be taught E) women generally make better leaders than men Answer: D Explanation: Behavioral studies of leadership investigate how great leaders act or behave. Strong leaders seem to exhibit structuring behaviors, defining roles in the search for goal attainment, or considering behaviors, forming relationships which center on mutual trust and respect. If these successful leadership behaviors can be learned, then behavioral theory suggests that people may be taught to be great leaders. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 380 Topic: Behavioral Theories Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Behavioral Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

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11) The two dimensions of leadership behavior explained in the Ohio State studies are ________. A) coercion and motivation B) concern for people and concern for production C) employee-oriented and production-oriented D) initiating structure and consideration E) operant conditioning and classical conditioning Answer: D Explanation: Seeking to identify independent dimensions of leader behavior, the Ohio State Studies determined that two dimensions accounted for most effective leadership behavior: initiating structure and consideration. Initiating structure is the extent to which leaders are likely to define and structure their roles and those of their employees in the search for goal attainment. Consideration is the extent to which a leader's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 380 Topic: Behavioral Theories Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Ohio State Studies Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 12) A leader high in initiating structure would do which of the following? A) seek consensus B) exhibit laissez-faire type of leadership C) maximize leader-member relations D) assign group members to particular tasks E) empower employees to make their own decisions Answer: D Explanation: Initiating structure is the extent to which leaders define and structure their roles and the roles of their employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, relationships, and goals. A leader who assigns group members to particular tasks, expects workers to maintain definite standards of performance, and emphasizes the meeting of deadlines would be considered high in initiating structure. Leaders who display high initiating structure tend to enjoy higher levels of group and organizational productivity and more positive performance evaluations. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 380 Topic: Behavioral Theories Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Initiating Structure Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

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13) According to the Ohio State studies, the extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust and respect for his/her employees is ________. A) consideration B) matrix C) consensus-building D) LPC E) maximization Answer: A Explanation: In behavioral leadership theory, consideration is defined as the extent to which a person's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. A leader high in consideration helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support. In recent studies, followers of leaders high in consideration were more satisfied with their jobs, more motivated to complete tasks, and had more respect for their leaders. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 380 Topic: Behavioral Theories Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Consideration Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 14) The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michigan studies are ________. A) coercion and motivation B) emotional and rational C) employee-oriented and production-oriented D) initiating structure and consideration E) initiation and completion Answer: C Explanation: Leadership studies at the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center found two important behavioral characteristics displayed by effective leaders. These two behavioral dimensions pointed to employee-oriented leaders and production-oriented leaders. Employeeoriented leaders emphasized interpersonal relationships by taking a personal interest in the needs of their employees and accepting individual differences among them. In contrast, productionoriented leaders emphasized the technical or task aspects of the job, focusing on accomplishing their group’s tasks. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 380 Topic: Behavioral Theories Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: University of Michigan Studies Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

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15) The University of Michigan studies define a(n) ________ leader as one who takes a personal interest in the needs of his/her subordinates. A) LMX B) contextual C) employee-oriented D) consensus-building E) consummate Answer: C Explanation: The University of Michigan Studies emphasized two behavioral dimensions common to successful leaders: employee-oriented leaders and production-oriented leaders. Employee-oriented leaders develop strong interpersonal relationships by taking a personal interest in the needs of their employees and accepting their individual differences. Employeeoriented leadership is closely related to consideration, the effective leadership dimension proposed by the Ohio State Studies. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 380 Topic: Behavioral Theories Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Employee-Oriented Leaders Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 16) If a leader's main concern is accomplishing his/her group's tasks, the University of Michigan studies label this leader ________. A) consideration-oriented B) managerial C) ineffective D) high achieving E) production-oriented Answer: E Explanation: The University of Michigan Studies emphasized two behavioral dimensions common to successful leaders: employee-oriented leaders and production-oriented leaders. Production-oriented leaders emphasize the technical or task completion aspects of the job, focusing on the accomplishment of goals. Production-oriented leadership is closely related to initiating structure, the effective leadership dimension proposed by the Ohio State Studies. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 380 Topic: Behavioral Theories Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Production-Oriented Leaders Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

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17) All contingency theories are based on the idea that effective leadership performance depends on ________. A) the proper match between the leader's style and the control the situation gives the leader B) selecting the right leadership style based on the level of the followers' readiness C) using a leadership style that is appropriate to the situational conditions D) making use of the best path for the goal that is identified E) none of the above Answer: C Explanation: Numerous studies have shown that predicting leadership success is more complex than isolating a few traits or behaviors, since leadership styles that are effective in very bad times or in very good times do not necessarily translate into long-term success. This idea led researchers to change their focus from trait and behavior theories to situational influences on leadership styles, also known as contingency theory. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 381 Topic: Contingency Theories: Fiedler Model and Situational Leadership Theory Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Contingency Models Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 18) The first comprehensive contingency model for leadership was developed by ________. A) Hersey and Blanchard B) Blake and Mouton C) Fred Fiedler D) John Kotter E) Douglas Surber Answer: C Explanation: The first comprehensive contingency model for leadership was developed by Fred Fiedler. Fiedler believes that a key factor in leadership success is the individual’s basic leadership style. According to the Fiedler contingency model, effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 381-382 Topic: Contingency Theories: Fiedler Model and Situational Leadership Theory Skill: AACSB: Communication Objective: Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4

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19) Which model represents the theory that effective group performance depends on the proper match between a leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader? A) Leader-Member Exchange Model B) Fiedler's Contingency Model C) Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model D) Vroom and Yetton's Leader-Participation Model E) none of the above Answer: B Explanation: According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, the key factor predicting leadership success is the individual’s basic leadership style. Since Fiedler assumes an individual’s leadership style is fixed, effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control. If a situation requires a task-oriented leader, for example, and the person in the leadership position is relationship oriented, either the situation has to be modified or the leader has to be replaced. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 381 Topic: Contingency Theories: Fiedler Model and Situational Leadership Theory Skill: AACSB: Communication Objective: Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 20) Who developed the LPC (least preferred co-worker) questionnaire? A) Wachner B) Fiedler C) House D) Blake and Mouton E) Surber Answer: B Explanation: Fiedler believes a key factor in leadership success is the individual’s basic leadership style, and he created the least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire to identify that style. The LPC questionnaire measures whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented by asking respondents to think of all the coworkers they have ever had and describe the one person they least enjoyed working with. Respondents then rate that person on a scale of 1 to 8 for each of 16 sets of contrasting adjectives. If you describe the person you are least able to work with in favorable terms (a high LPC score), Fiedler would label you relationship-oriented. In contrast, if you see your least-preferred coworker in relatively unfavorable terms (a low LPC score), you are primarily interested in productivity and are task-oriented. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 381-382 Topic: Contingency Theories: Fiedler Model and Situational Leadership Theory Skill: AACSB: Communication Objective: Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4

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21) In Fiedler's model, if a respondent describes his or her least preferred co-worker in relatively positive terms, then the respondent is considered to be ________. A) relationship-oriented B) people-oriented C) consensus-building D) consideration-focused E) unrealistic Answer: A Explanation: Fiedler's least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire measures whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented by asking respondents to rate their least favorite coworker. If respondents describe their least favorite coworker in favorable terms (a high LPC score), they are probably relationship-oriented. In contrast, respondents who describe their least-preferred coworker in unfavorable terms (a low LPC score) are viewed as primarily interested in productivity and as being task-oriented. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 382 Topic: Contingency Theories: Fiedler Model and Situational Leadership Theory Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 22) If a survey respondent sees his or her least preferred co-worker in unfavorable terms, Fiedler would categorize the respondent as ________. A) overly critical B) task-oriented C) emotionally deficient D) insightful E) laissez-faire Answer: B Explanation: Fiedler's least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire measures whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented by asking respondents to rate their least favorite coworker. Respondents who describe their least-preferred coworker in unfavorable terms (a low LPC score) are viewed as primarily intereste...