Overview & Theories PDF

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Overview & Theories...

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Life Span Development: Overview & Theories ●

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Life expectancy: How long we expect to live ○ The average life expectancy is 79 years ■ High for women that men (79 years) ● Men 75 ● Women 80 ■ In the 20th century, expected life has increased by 32 years ■ Currently there are are more people over 60 then under 15 ● Because of baby boomers ● People are also having less children than they used to For the first time ever this year-- chronic diseases (Cancer, HIV, AIDS, etc) Life Span: ○ The upper boundary- oldest age documented ○ Humans: Currently 122 years Life span is very different from life expectancy The Nature of Development ○ Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes (VEIN DIAGRAM) ■ We can’t separate out these three as all 3 influence all 3. ■ All 3 influence all 3 ■ Are bidirectional and inextricably intertwined ■ Connection is evident in following emerging fields ■ Developmental cognitive neuroscience- explores links between development, cognitive, and socioemotional processes ■ Developmental social neuroscience - examines connections between socioemotional processes, development, and the brain ■ People that have good circles of friends have good mental and physical health = A protective factor for mental & physical health ■ Isolation and trauma are risk factors. ○ Processes and Periods of development ■ Prenatal period (conception to birth) ■ Infancy (birth to 18-24 months) ■ Early childhood (3-5 years) ■ Middle to late childhood (6-10/11 years) ■ Adolescence (10-12 to 18-21 years) ■ Early adulthood (20s and 30s) ■ Middle adulthood (40s and 50s) ■ Late adulthood (60s and 70s to death) ■ We try to understand how do we biologically age ○ The significance of age ○ Developmental issues ○ Women baby at 43, indicator that body might be aging slowly because at 43 it is usually hard to have a baby

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○ Men centarily are usually lean, not obese Theory ○ Helps to explain and make predictions Theories of Development ○ Psychoanalytic Theories ■ Freudian theory ● Genital, anal development list thing ○ Baby going to the bathroom, relationship with genitals, etc. ● A lot of the women he studied were women who was sexually abused - Biased sample ● Idea: Studying development and looking at the stages ○ Stages are limiting, but they are easy to study ■ Key factors that he believed: ● Early experience and family relationships were important ○ Stability or Change? ■ Stability ○ Continuity vs Discontinuity ■ Discontinuous ● Unconscious aspects of the mind ● Personality : a developmental process ● His biggest contribution: Studying development ● Ego: Overriding personality ■ Psychosexual stage ■ Infancy and early childhood - oral stage ● Kids put things in their mouth because that is how they know things- preminitive way of reading and eating ■ Freud and erikson helped us realize that development is continuous ○ Cognitive theories ■ Piaget’s cognitive theory ● Conscious Mental Processes ● Cognitive processes influenced by biological maturation ○ Your brain had to actually mature to be able to master something ○ Nature vs nurture? ■ More Nature because it is more biological ● Four stages of cognitive development:

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Assimilation and accommodation: helps to understand the world, adapt, and organize experiences ○ Adaptation ■ How we perceive and adapt to new information ○ Assimilation ■ Process of taking new in from the environment and fitting it into preexisting cognitive schemas ■ Having pre assumed assumptions of people when you meet them for the first time ■ ○ Accommodation: ■ Process of taking new info from environment and altering one’s pre-existing schemas to fit in the new information ■ Changing your assumptions of people ○ Assimilation vs. Accommodation

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■ Erikson’s 8 psychosocial stages ■ In common with freud: stages Cognitive Theory: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory ■ Children actively construct their knowledge ■ Social interaction and culture guide cognitive development ● You have to be with someone that is almost as smart or less smart than you for example ■ Learning is based upon inventions ■ Knowledge is created through interactions with other people and objects in the culture ■ Less skilled persons learned from more skilled ● Scaffolding ○ Do it yourself, you need someone to help to show you the ropes ○ Watch someone to see how they do it, then do it yourself ● Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) ○ Zone where at the bottom limit we can kind of do it and at the top level we can’t really do it ■ Focused on the social aspects of learning - you can’t teach kids in a vacuum, they have to interact Cognitive Theory: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

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■ Behavioral & Social Cognitive Theories ■ Pavlov’s classical conditioning includes conditioned and unconditioned responses ■ Watson applies association and generation ■ Operant conditioning focuses on positive and negative reinforcement ● We ignore negative reinforcement and focus on the positive ■ Social cognitive theory focuses on observation and imitation ■ Classical conditioning ● Starts playing awful music with the rat ○ Starts associating the awful music with the rat but then he starts associating it with dogs, cats, and even his teddy bear ● Bandura’s modeling/imitation ○ Someone they admire and then imitate them Ethological Theory ■ Ethology: ● Behavior is strongly influenced by biology ● Behavior is tied to evolution ● Behavior is characterized by critical periods ■ European zoologist Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) identified imprinting ● If you don’t attach by the age of 2, it is very difficult to attach later in life ● Early intervention

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Premature Children play with clay so that they can strengthen their arms in order to crawl in later life ● Lorenz- imprinting geese ○ Raised the geese and they imprinted/ followed him ■ John Bowlby- Attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the lifespan Ecological Theory ■ Developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner ■ Five Environmental Systems ● Microsystem ○ Family, school peers ○ Friends, the people you text the most ● Mesosystem ○ The interactions between the microsystem and exosystem ● Exosystem ○ Friends of family ○ Legal services ○ Social welfare services ○ Mass media ○ neighbors ● Macrosystem ○ Attitudes and ideologies of the culture ● Chronosystem ○ The time in which people live ○ Shootings - an ongoing chronosystems

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Comparison Theories...