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Lecture Objectives Overview Define anatomy and differentiate its many subdivisions. Anatomy: Anatomy is the study of structures in the human body and the relationships of these structures. The study of parts and how they work together. Different Subdivisions:  Gross Anatomy: Visible to the naked eye, so large structures, heart, bones, stomach.  Regional: Specific region of the body, like the neck or the abdomen.  Systemic anatomy: studing the organ systems of the body like the reproductive system  Surface anatomy: Studying the markings on the body.  Microscopic anatomy: things that are too small to see with naked eye so need to use a microscope. o Cytology: study of cells o Histology: study of tissues.  Developmental: Study of change through development: moment of fertilization to death. o Embryology: fertilization to the 8th week (9th week becomes a fetus)  Pathological: study of changes to structure due to disease  Radiographic anatomy: x-rays study of the body with imaging technique Identify the types of images formed by various types of medical imaging, and contrast the form of energy used to make these images. Medical Imagining X-Ray

CT Scan

Xenon CT

What it shows Light passes through and the bone absorbs more rays than the soft tissue, so bone is shown Combines light energy and computerized tomography. An x-ray overlap uses the computer to take cross sections, so you can take it in sections. Still bones but some soft tissue bone still the primary thing being looked at. Regular CT but the patient is exposed to xenon gas, breathing it in, gets into the blood stream, gas will accumulate in the areas

Type of energy Light energy: gamma rays

Light energy and computerized tomography.

Light energy enhanced with the gas CT scans are most commonly used.

DSR (Dynamic Spall Reconstruction DSA (Digital Subtraction Angiography)

PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography) Ultrasound

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imagining)

MRS (Magnetic Resonance Spectrograph) M2A

most active. Causes a greater exposure on the film and the computer colorizes it, see areas of activity. Looks at heartbeat and blood flow, reconstruct things with the computer

Light energy.

Looks at blood vessels, takes the image inject contrast dye into the body, second picture is taken and the computer subtracts all the stuff without the dye. So all that is left is the blood vessels that have the dye in them. Shows if there is any disruption in blood flow. Radioisotope with a short half life and have it circulated in the body. The metabolic tissues will have more blood flow. Isotope accolades in the active areas. Uses sound waves and they echo back. The computer puts the sounds together to get a picture. Most effective with soft tissue. Takes a magnetic field, causes the charged ions in the body, hydrogen, and causes them to line up in the picture. Soft tissue has more water in it which has more hydrogen in it. See muscles and ligaments and if a tumor is leaking. Using positive charge instead of hydrogen. Like sodium

Light energy with dye.

Light energy a tiny digital camera takes pictures and send it to a receiver. The acid in the stomach destroys the camera.

Light energy and a camera.

Radioactive substance

Sound Energy

Magnetic field and charged particles.

Uses magnet and charged particles.

Define physiology and explain its relationship to anatomical structure. Defined: Study of the functions of the body parts. Including chemical and physical processes. Relationship to anatomical structure: Structure can dictate function and function can regulate structure. Name the different levels of structural organization, and describe their relationships with one another.

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Chemical: all of the chemicals that are essential to life, built upon the atomic level which is built upon the subatomic level. Cellular: cells are groups of chemicals that are collected together to perform a function the cell is the basic structural component of life. Tissue: Collection of cells together performing the same function. Groups of cells and inter function together for a task. Organ: a group of tissues working together to perform a task. Organ System: Two or more organs working together for a specific function/system. Organismic: All the groups of organ systems produce the organism.

The processes in which living organisms participate define life. List and describe these processes.    

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Limiting boundaries: They have a boundary; human limiting boundary is the skin. Internal environment different from external. Excitability: Have the ability to sense change that is happening. Changes that are happening are stimuli which leads to a response. Conductivity: we can communicate the changes from one part to another part of the body. Metabolism: Sum total of all the changes occurring o Catabolism: breaking things down o Anabolism: building things up. Digestion: break down food to biological molecules so they body absorbs them and creates energy. Excretion: Body getting rid of toxins in the body like carbon dioxide and urea. Movement: Growth: results in an increase in size. Cells become bigger or increase the number of cells. Growth is linked to reproduction. Reproduction: Cell division like mitosis.

What factors are needed for survival?     

Nutrients: have these needs and in the proper amount, too much is just as bad as too little. Comes from the foods we eat. Oxygen: body needs oxygen throughout the body. Water: body made up of 60-80% water and need to retain water in our bodies. Normal body temperature: too hot something is wrong, too cold and something is wrong. Atmospheric pressure

What is homeostasis? What is needed for homeostasis to occur? What do we call factors that can disrupt homeostasis? Define: Homeostasis is a condition of stable internal body environment

-dynamic equilibrium Needed: when survival needs are at optimum, optimum internal nutrition, optimum internal gases, optimum internal water, optimum internal temperature, and optimum internal pressure. Homeostasis will occur in narrow range. Factors that can disrupt it:  Stress: o Any stimulus causing an imbalance in the internal environment  Can be internal and external stresses  All stimuli cause a response, not all disturb homeostasis o Regulators:  Nervous system: electrical response throughout the body  Endocrine system Differentiate positive and negative feedback systems. Describe how each function to maintain homeostasis. Define feedback systems: any circular situation where information about the status of something is continually reported to a central control region Negative feedback: Reverses the condition back to the original, blood pressure going down. AC turning on when it gets too hot. Positive feedback: Child birth, fetus causes stretches which causes contractions keeps going until the stimulus is gone. Breast feeding. Encourages the stimuli....