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1 Learning by doing The field of psychology helps us to understand various forms of psychological concepts in human life. In other words, it is through psychology that we understand the various phenomena we undergo as humans, especially from a cognitive perspective of live social functioning. Perception is one such important concept portrayed in our life. Perception refers to the cognitive concept that drives individuals to achieve unattainable goals or unrealistic targets. As a result, it leads to diversified results of adjustment challenges such as depression, low selfesteem, stress which leads to depression and tendencies, among other impacts on their psychological, social, and physical well-being. Psychologists researchers have engaged in research studies to evaluate various concepts of perception. One such research article is authored by Myrthel Dogge and his colleagues. The article talks about the perceptual concept of action outcomes. Specifically, the researchers in the article address how the perception of action and outcomes is influenced or shaped by our long life and contextual goals or expectations. The author provides an overview background of the relationship between perception and action outcomes. Psychological evidence shows that how human beings perceive the results of their actions is highly correlated to their expectations. The expectations are in different forms and tend to develop within different timescales. Most importantly, our expectations as humans are not considered and evidenced to be complementary in all circumstances. An analysis of the article focuses on several key areas, which show both the research procedure, style, results, and the implication of the results. Most importantly, when we look at the research, the main question we try to ask ourselves is what the author focused on achieving. Based on an overview of the research done by Dogge, the main point of the article is that the

2 perception people have towards the action impact results drawn from a combined action impact contingencies are influential factors of long and short term instant expectations from a cognitive aspect (Dogge et al., 2019). As a guide to reaching the latter's main point and conclusion, the researcher used a research question that directed the research into fulfilling its objective. Even though there is no direct mentioning of a research question, the research question can be drawn indirectly from understanding the article. The article's main research questions were; 1) How do long-term expectations develop over a person's lifetime? 2). How do long-term and short-term expectations together affect influence the development of perception? From the research questions of the article, we can also draw the research hypothesis of the article. Null Hypothesis: Long and short term expectations, when combined, affect the perception concept towards their action-outcome. Alternative Hypothesis: Long and short term expectations, when combined, do not affect the perception of people towards their action-outcome. The methodology used in the study is another important concept of the article. The researcher used two experimental study approaches. The unique thing about the study's methodologies is how they are structured to target the sensory and perceptual process of the study participants. The researchers used different stimuli for each study methodology section to target and reach sensory and perceptual processes. In the first study of the experiment, the stimuli to target the sensory and perception process included the study participants' exposure to the ambiguous and disambiguated visual structure from an initial sphere in motion. There was the

3 placement of spheres in the eyes of the study participants. The dots and spheres' location influenced the dots to shift in the same direction, hence coming closer towards the observer than the ones in the opposite direction (Dogge et al., 2019). The process of presenting ambiguous spheres intermittently helped induce perceptual stabilization impacts (Dogge et al., 2019). The second study involved the replication of the first study procedure and elements involved. The following results were obtained; The first outcome of the study showed that when people are not in a learning state, they predominantly perceive the sphere to rotate to be an object that is rotating in the same direction, similar to their rotary action. The results of the study involved a bias developed toward structural expectations. However, it was not reversed in the context where the study participants were subjected to an incompatible form of action impact contingency (Dogge et al., 2019). The contingencies examples used in the research include the clockwise actions that lead to a counter concept of counterclockwise perceptions among others in a learning environment. Additionally, the article results showed that being exposed to a compatible action impact factor does not have an additional value to any existing form of biasness (Dogge et al., 2019). The research findings provide us with an understanding of what actually existed between perception and action-outcome concepts in human beings from a psychological point of view. We can have concluded that from the research, our perception of the outcomes of our actions or activities is influenced greatly by the form of expectations we place in kind. Basically, human beings’ perception towards the results of our actions is influenced by the combination form of our long-term and short-term instant expectations.

4 Works Cited Dogge, M., Custers, R., Gayet, S., Hoijtink, H., & Aarts, H. (2019). Life-long and contextual expectations shape the perception of action-outcomes. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41090-8...