Parts oF Speech PDF

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PARTS OF SPEECH According to their functions, words are divided into eight categories which are called parts of speech. THE NOUN: A word used as the name of a person, a place, a thing or an idea is called noun. Examples: Boy, City, School, love. THE PRONOUN: A word that is used in place of a noun is...

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PARTS OF SPEECH According to their functions, words are divided into eight categories which are called parts of speech. THE NOUN: A word used as the name of a person, a place, a thing or an idea is called noun. Examples: Boy, City, School, love. THE PRONOUN: A word that is used in place of a noun is called pronoun. Examples: He, She, They, You, It THE VERB: A word that is used to describe an action, state or feeling is called verb. Examples: You go. We eat food. THE ADJECTIVE: A word that is used with a noun to add something to its meaning is called adjective. Examples: Small, Great, Honest , Beautiful THE ADVERB: It is a word that adds something to the meaning of any part of speech except noun or pronoun. Examples: quickly, fast, always, slowly. THE PREPOSITION: It is a word that shows the connection of a noun or pronoun with other words in a sentence. Examples: On, In, Above, Under, at, of THE CONJUNCTION: It is a word that joins words or sentences. Examples: and, but, as well as, because THE INTERJECTION: It is a word that shows sudden feeling or emotion. Examples: Ah, Alas, Hurrah, Oh, Ouch THE NOUN Def: A word used as the name of a person, an animal, a place, a thing or an idea is called noun. A noun can be a subject or an object of a verb. Examples: boy, city, school, love, pencil, happiness, table KINDS OF NOUNS (i) Proper Noun

Def: The name of a particular or proper thing, place, person, is called proper noun. Examples: Lahore, Ali, London, Atlantic Ocean, Spain, the moon (ii) Common Noun Def: A common noun is used for the name of a common thing, place, person and idea. Examples:  People: man, girl, baby, son, policeman, teacher  Animals: Cat, dog, fish, ant, snake  Things: bear, book, boat, table, chair, phone  Places: bank, school, city, building, shop  Ideas: love, hate, idea, pride (iii) Abstract Noun Def: The name of an idea, quality or such an object that does not have physical existence is called abstract noun. Examples: friendship, peace, sorrow, love, happiness. (iv) Collective Noun Def: A collective noun is the name given to a collection of things or a group of people or animals regarded as one whole. Examples: team, class, committee, jury, army (v) Concrete Noun Def: A concrete noun refers to objects and substances, including people and animals, physical items that we can perceive through our senses. Concrete nouns can be countable nouns or uncountable nouns, and singular nouns or plural nouns. Concrete nouns can also be a common noun, proper nouns and collective nouns. 

Examples: Common concrete Noun: boy, bat, , girl, water.

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Countable Concrete Nouns (Singular): chair, computer, boy, book.

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Countable Concrete Nouns (Plural): chairs, computers, boys , books.

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Uncountable Concrete Nouns: sugar, rice, water, air, oil, salt, butter

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Proper Nouns: Ali, Hina, Newton,

(vi) Compound Noun Def: The name of a person or thing that is a combination of two or more words is called compound noun. Examples: Brother-in-law, Shopkeeper, Bus driver. (vii) Countable Nouns Def: Countable nouns are the names of things or beings that can be counted. Countable nouns have two forms; singular and plural. Examples: a book, a table, a car, Books, Men (viii) Uncountable Nouns Def: Uncountable nouns are the names of things or beings that can not be counted. Mostly these nouns don’t have plural form. Examples: wood, rice, peace, happiness A) GENDER Gender shows the difference of sex. It is of four kinds. i) ii)

Masculine Gender Feminine Gender

iii)

Common Gender

iv)

Neuter Gender

(I) The Masculine Gender A noun denoting a male animal is said to be of the Masculine Gender; as, boy, horse, king, Alamgir, lion (II) The Feminine Gender A noun denoting a female is said to be in the Feminine Gender; as, girl, mare, queen, Mrs, Madam, lioness (III) The Common Gender A noun denoting an animal of either sex is said to be in the Common Gender; as, student, baby, friend, pupil, parent. (IV) The Neuter Gender A noun denoting a lifeless thing is said to be in the Neuter Gender; as,

table, pen, book, knife, ticket, toy, apple. THE PRONOUN Def: A word that is used in place of a noun is called pronoun. Examples: He, She, They, You, It KINDS OF PRONOUNS (i) PERSONAL PRONOUN Def: A personal pronoun is used in the place of the name of a person or a thing. Examples: he, they, I, it, we, you We can distinguish two types of personal pronouns: “Personal Subject Pronouns” and “Personal Object Pronouns”. Personal Pronouns Subject form

Object form

I

Me

You

You

He

him

she

her

it

it

we

us

You

you

They

them

Personal Subject Pronouns We use the Personal Subject Pronouns to refer to the person who is doing the action of the verb or the verb speaks about. A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence.  He listens to me.  They play cricket daily.  I read a book. Personal Object Pronouns We use the Personal Object Pronouns to refer to the person whom the action of the verbs affects. An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb.   

I like him. We always help them. He will invite you. (ii) POSSESSIVE PRONOUN

Def: A pronoun that is used to show possession over something is called possessive pronoun. Examples: My, His, Their, our Certain pronouns called possessive pronouns show ownership. Some are used alone; some describe a noun. Used alone: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, whose  That computer is hers.  This computer is mine. Modify noun: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose  That is her computer.  This is my computer. (iii) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN Def: A demonstrative pronoun is used to point out a noun or nouns. Examples: This, That, These, Those  Ali wrote that. (That is the direct object of the sentence.)  These look good. (These is the subject of the sentence.)  Amjad brought this. (This is the direct object of the sentence.) (iv) RELATIVE PRONOUN Def: A relative pronoun is used to connect a subordinate clause to the main clause, and serve as conjunction also. Examples: Who, Whom, That, Which, Whoever, Whomever, Whichever   

People who speak two languages are called bilingual. This is the book which I bought from the market. This is the same man that I saw in the street. (v) INDEFINITE PRONOUN Def: A pronoun that does not refer to a particular noun but refers to an unspecified noun or nouns. Examples: Few, Some, Any, some one (vi) Reflexive Pronoun Def: A reflexive pronoun is used when the subject and the object of the sentence are the same or the action passes back to the subject. Examples: myself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Singular 1st person

I talk to myself when I am nervous or excited.

2nd person

You cut yourself while cutting tomatoes.

3rd person (male)

He hurt himself playing hockey.

3rd person (female)

She enjoyed herself at the party.

3rd person (nonperson)

It saw itself in the mirror. Plural

1st person

We blame ourselves for the results of the election.

2nd person

You helped yourselves to more ice cream.

3rd person

They believed in themselves.

(vii) RECIPROCAL PRONOUN Def: A reciprocal pronoun is used in order to indicate persons or things mutually affected. There are two reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another  The students in this classroom cooperate with one another.  Both the friends like each other.  They care a lot for one another. (viii) INTENSIVE/ EMPHATIC PRONOUN Def: An intensive pronoun is used to intensify or emphasize the proceeding noun or pronoun. Examples: himself, myself, herself She herself wanted to join the company. We ourselves believe that is true. She went to the door herself. (ix) INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN Def: An interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question. Examples: who, whose, whom, what, which  Who is this man?  Whose shoes are those?  Whom have you seen?   

(x) DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN Def: The pronouns each, either and neither are called ‘Destributive Pronouns’ as they denote all of of a class taken separately. Examples:  Each of them has performed satisfactorily.  Either of the two pencils will do.  Neither of them came. THE VERB Def: A word that is use d to describe an action, state or feeling is called verb. Examples:  You go to school.  We eat food.  We play hockey and they enjoy it.

In the given examples the italicized words; go, eat, play and enjoy are verbs. CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS Verbs may well be classified according to their function as well as their formation. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION (i) Transitive Verbs Def: These are the verbs which require an object to pass over the action from the subject to the object. Examples:  We believe in one God.  They built a house.  They enjoyed music. In the given examples, the italicized words; believe, built and enjoyed are transitive verbs. (ii) Intransitive Verbs Def: These are the verbs which do not require an object to pass over the action from subject to object. Examples:  He died.  We slept.  We laughed and they cried. In the above given examples the underlined words; died, slept, laughed and cried are intransitive verbs. Note: A number of verbs can be used as both the kinds of verbs (either transitive or intransitive): Examples: (iii) Ditr ansitive Verb used as transitive Verb used as intransitive Verbs Def: A Fire burnt his finger. Fire burns. See the fun.

A blind person can’t see.

John drinks whisky.

I never drink.

Mohan wrote a letter to his brother.

Ram writes well.

ditransitive verb is one that takes two complements, a direct object and an indirect object at the same time. Examples  Ali gave Hina a book  The teacher asked Ali a question.  He told the children a story.

(iv) Auxiliary/ Helping Verbs Def: An auxiliary verb is a helping verb used to express tense, mood, or voice. There are two groups – primary auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries. Primary Auxiliaries :The primary auxiliaries are: be, have, and do. Examples: I am eating bread. They have eaten bread. You do eat bread. Primary auxiliaries can also work as main verbs. Examples: I am happy to see these names included. I have a new life now and new friends. We do things that are controversial. Modal Auxiliaries : will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need Examples: I shall eat bread. I might eat bread. I could eat bread. Modal auxiliaries cannot work as main verbs and normally appear with a main verb. (vii) Infinitive Def: Infinitive is the base form of the verb. The infinitive form of a verb is the form which follows “to”. Examples: (to) cry, (to) be,(to) go, (to) fight, (to) understand, The woman seemed to have been crying. She failed to explain the problem clearly I can’t afford to go out tonight. (viii) Bare Infinitives Infinitives may occur with or without the infinitive marker “to”. Infinitives without “to” are known as bare infinitives. Examples:  Help me.  Open the door.  Follow the instructions. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FORMATION (ii) Regular Verbs Def: A verb that forms its past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed (or in some cases “t”) to the base form.

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Present

Past

Past Participle

Act

Acted

Acted

Banish

Banished

Banished

Carry

Carried

Carried

Reach

Reached

Reached

Borrow

Borrowed

Borrowed

Wish

Wished

Wished

Work

Worked

Worked

(ii) Irregular Verbs The verb in which the past tense is not formed by adding the usual -ed ending for the Past Simple and Past Participle forms. Some irregular verbs do not change; while others change completely. Irregular verbs have no rules for conjugation. These can only be learnt in context. Examples: Present

Past

Past Participle

Awake

Awoke

Awoken

Bear

Bore

Borne

Beat

Beat

Beaten

Catch

Caught

Caught

Flee

Fled

Fled

Hide

Hid

Hidden

Meet

Met

Met

THE ADJECTIVE Def: A word that is used with a noun to add something to its meaning is called adjective. Examples:  Small boy  Great leader,  Ten rupees,  English movies  This boy In the above given examples the italicized words are the adjectives. KINDS OF ADJECTIVES (i) Proper Adjective Def: An adjective that is formed by a proper noun is called a proper adjective.

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Examples: I always enjoy Indian movies. He is a French boy. Russian wine is famous all over the world. In the above given examples the italicized words are proper adjectives.

(ii) Adjective of Quality Def: An adjective of quality shows the kind , quality or state of a person or thing. Examples:  He lives in a big city.  Ali is an honest fellow.  Bad people always cheat others. In the above given examples the italicized words are adjectives of quality. (iii) Adjective of Quantity Def: An adjective of quantity shows how much of a thing is meant. Examples:  I bought some rice to cook.  There is sufficient sugar in the pot.  There is a little milk in the jug. In the above given examples the italicized words are adjectives of quantity. (iv) Numeral Adjective Def: A numerical adjective shows how many persons or things are meant. Examples:  I have three pens in my bag.  There are seven students in the class.  He has ten rupees in his pocket. In the above given examples the italicized words are numeral adjectives. (v) Demonstrative Adjective Def: A demonstrative adjective points out which person or thing is meant. Examples:  This boy is my friend.  These girls are students.  I like that book which you gave me yesterday. In the above given examples the italicized words are demonstrative adjectives. (vi) Interrogative Adjective Def: An interrogative adjective is used with nouns to ask questions. Examples:  Which book is yours?  Whose pen is this? In the above given examples the italicized words are interrogative adjectives. (vii) Possessive Adjective Def: A possessive adjective is used with nouns and does the work of an adjective.

Examples: My ideas are criticized by others. I appreciate his work. Our school is famous in the city. In the above given examples the italicized words are possessive adjectives. THE ADVERB Def: An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs may indicate place or direction (where, whence), time (ever, immediately), degree (very, almost), manner (thus, and words ending in-ly, such as wisely), and belief or doubt (perhaps, no). KINDS OF ADVERBS (i) Adverbs of Manner Def: Adverbs of manner modify a verb to describe the way the action is done. Examples:  She did the work carefully.  We writes neatly  They work honestly (ii) Adverbs of Place Def: Adverbs of place show where the action is done. Examples: They live locally. (ii) Adverbs of Time Def: Adverbs of time show when an action is done, or the duration or frequency. Examples: He did it yesterday. (When) They are permanently busy. (Duration) (iv) Adverbs of Frequency Def: An adverb of frequency shows how frequently an action takes place. Examples:  He always tells a lie.  They often come here. PLACEMENT OF ADVERBS Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of manner are placed after the verb or entire expression (at the end of the sentence). Examples:  Their teacher speaks quickly.  He writes neatly.  They walk briskly. Adverbs of Time: Adverbs of time are placed after the verb or entire expression (at the end of the sentence). Examples:

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I received the letter yesterday. She visited her school last year. They are permanently busy. Adverbs of Frequency: Adverbs of frequency are placed before the main verb (not the auxiliary verb).

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Examples: He often goes to bed late. She always tells a lie. Do you sometimes get up early? Adverbs of Degree: Adverbs of degree are placed after the verb or entire expression.

Examples:  He is doing very well.  Do you sometimes get up early?  She’ll attend the meeting as well. Adverbs of Comment: Adverbs of comment are placed at the beginning of a sentence. Examples:  Undoubtedly, Islam is a complete code of life.  Luckily, I was able to attend the presentation. Forming Comparative And Superlative Adverbs ‘LY’ Adverbs With LY adverbs (adverbs formed from adjectives by adding -ly to the end) we form the comparative and superlative forms with more and most.

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Adjective

Adverb

Comparative Adverb

Superlative Adverb

quiet

quietly

more quietly

most quietly

careful

carefully

more carefully

most carefully

happy

happily

more happily

most happily

Ali works more quietly than Aslam does. She drives more carefully than he does. Of the three drivers, she drives the most carefully. She sings the most happily of all the girls in the group. OTHER ADVERBS For adverbs which retain the same form as the adjective form, we add -er to form the comparative and -est to form the superlative.

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Adjective

Adverb

Comparative Adverb

Superlative Adverb

hard

hard

Harder

hardest

fast

fast

Faster

fastest

early

early

Earlier

earliest

Please work harder. He works the hardest. She runs faster than he does. Ali gets to work earlier than I do. IRREGULAR ADVERBS

Adjective

Adverb

Comparative Adverb

Superlative Adverb

good

well

Better

best

bad

badly

Worse

worst

far

far

farther/further

farthest/furthest

Ali plays tennis better than Aslam does. On our tennis team, Ali plays tennis the best. I did worse on the test than Bart did. On that test, I did the worst in the class. THE USE OF SOME PARTICULAR ADVERBS 1. Very & Much: “Very” is used (i) with Adjectives and Adverbs of the Positive Degree; as, He was very happy. She runs very fast. (ii)

With Present Participles; as,

The scenery of Kashmir is very charming. (iii)

With the following Past Participles: –

Pleased. Surprised. Annoyed. Tied. Grieved. Pained. Delighted. Experienced. Contented. Dejected. “Much” is used (i) with Adjectives and Adverbs of the comparative Degree; as, The patient is much better today. We reached the station much earlier. (ii) With an Adjective in the Superlative Degree to intensify the meaning; as, She is much the tallest girl in the class.

(iii)

With Past Participles; as,

They were much surprised to see his tricks. 2. Before & Ago: “Before” means formerly, and is used in respect of a point of time; as, It never happened before. This is...