PEDOMAN PERENCANAAN TEKNIK TERINCI IPLT_ Buku A PDF

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KEMENTERIAN PEKERJAAN UMUM DAN PERUMAHAN RAKYAT DIREKTORAT JENDERAL CIPTA KARYA DIREKTORAT PENGEMBANGAN PENYEHATAN LINGKUNGAN PERMUKIMAN PEDOMAN PERENCANAAN TEKNIK TERINCI INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR TINJA BUKU A PANDUAN PERHITUNGAN BANGUNAN PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR TINJA Edisi Pertama 2017 KEMENTERIAN PEK...

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KEMENTERIAN PEKERJAAN UMUM DAN PERUMAHAN RAKYAT DIREKTORAT JENDERAL CIPTA KARYA DIREKTORAT PENGEMBANGAN PENYEHATAN LINGKUNGAN PERMUKIMAN

PEDOMAN PERENCANAAN TEKNIK TERINCI INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR TINJA

BUKU A PANDUAN PERHITUNGAN BANGUNAN PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR TINJA Edisi Pertama 2017

KEMENTERIAN PEKERJAAN UMUM DAN PERUMAHAN RAKYAT DIREKTORAT JENDERAL CIPTA KARYA DIREKTORAT PENGEMBANGAN PENYEHATAN LINGKUNGAN PERMUKIMAN

PEDOMAN PERENCANAAN TEKNIK TERINCI INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR TINJA

BUKU A PANDUAN PERHITUNGAN BANGUNAN PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR TINJA Edisi Pertama 2017

Kata Pengantar Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb., Salam sejahtera untuk kita semua, Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik Setempat (SPALD-S) merupakan sistem pengolahan air limbah domestik di lokasi sumber menggunakan unit pengolahan setempat yang selanjutnya lumpur hasil olahan diangkut dengan sarana pengangkut ke Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja (IPLT). Pengelolaan air limbah domestik melalui SPALD-S merupakan sistem yang umumnya diterapkan di Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia. Berdasarkan data Riskerdas 2014 cakupan pelayanan air limbah domestik mencapai 61,04% dimana 59,04% telah dilayani melalui SPALD-S. Sesuai Kebijakan dan Strategi Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Tahun 2015-2019, untuk mencapai 100% pelayanan air limbah domestik ditargetkan pembangunan IPLT sebanyak 222 unit di Indonesia. Pembangunan IPLT tersebut membutuhkan perencanaan yang baik dan terstruktur untuk menjamin keandalan dan keberlanjutan infrastruktur terbangun. Dalam rangka pembinaan perencanaan air limbah domestik, Direktorat Pengembangan PLP telah menyusun Pedoman Penyusunan Perencanaan Teknik Terinci IPLT, sebagai pelaksanaan dari Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat

Nomor 04/PRT/M/2017 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik. Penyusunan pedoman ini telah melalui tahapan pembahasan dengan pemangku kepentingan di bidang air limbah domestik. Namun demikian, buku pedoman ini masih bersifat dinamis sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan perkembangan di lapangan. Untuk itu, masukan sangat kami harapkan untuk perbaikan dan penyempurnaan buku pedoman ini ke depannya. Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada para pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyusunan materi pedoman. Semoga buku ini dapat digunakan sebagai acuan dalam perencanaan teknik terinci IPLT, baik di tingkat Pusat maupun Daerah. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb., Jakarta, April 2018

Ir. Sri Hartoyo, Dipl. SE, ME Direktur Jenderal Cipta Karya

BUKU A PANDUAN PERHITUNGAN BANGUNAN PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR TINJA

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Daftar Isi KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................................................................................ 5 DAFTAR ISI........................................................................................................................................................................... 6 DAFTAR BAGAN................................................................................................................................................................. 8 DAFTAR GAMBAR.............................................................................................................................................................. 8 DAFTAR TABEL.................................................................................................................................................................. 10 BAB I Pendahuluan.............................................................................................................................................................. 13 1.1 Proses Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja............................................................................................................ 15 1.1.1 Proses Pengolahan Fisik................................................................................................................ 15 1.1.2 Proses Pengolahan Biologis.......................................................................................................... 16 1.1.3 Proses Pengolahan Kimia.............................................................................................................. 18 BAB II Unit Pengolahan Pendahuluan............................................................................................................................. 21 2.1 Unit Penerima dan Manual Bar Screen................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Grit Chamber............................................................................................................................................... 27 2.3 Grease Trap.................................................................................................................................................. 31 2.4 Bak Ekualisasi.............................................................................................................................................. 33 BAB III Unit Pemekatan dan Stabilisasi Lumpur............................................................................................................ 39 3.1 Unit Pemekatan Lumpur........................................................................................................................... 40 3.1.1 Gravity Thickener............................................................................................................................ 40 3.2 Unit Pemekatan dan Stabilisasi Lumpur................................................................................................. 44 3.2.1 Anaerobic Digester.......................................................................................................................... 44 3.2.2 Tangki Imhoff.................................................................................................................................. 52 3.2.3 Solid Separation Chamber.............................................................................................................. 60 BAB IV Unit Stabilisasi Cairan........................................................................................................................................... 67 4.1 Unit Pengolahan Anaerobik..................................................................................................................... 68 4.1.1 Kolam Anaerobik........................................................................................................................... 68 4.1.2 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor.............................................................................................................. 73 4.1.3 Upflow Anaerobic Baffled Filter (UABF)..................................................................................... 80 4.2 Unit Pengolahan Aerobik.......................................................................................................................... 84 4.2.1 Lumpur Aktif: Kolam Aerasi........................................................................................................ 84 4.2.2 Lumpur Aktif: Oxydation Ditch................................................................................................... 90 4.2.3 Trickling Filter.................................................................................................................................. 97 4.2.4 Cascade Aerator............................................................................................................................... 102 4.2.5 Ammonia Stripping......................................................................................................................... 106 4.3 Unit Pengolahan Kombinasi (Anaerobik dan Aerobik)....................................................................... 109 4.3.1 Kolam Fakultatif............................................................................................................................. 110 4.4 Unit Penghilangan Organisme Patogen.................................................................................................. 115

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BUKU A PANDUAN PERHITUNGAN BANGUNAN PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR TINJA

4.4.1 Kolam Maturasi/Polishing............................................................................................................. 115 4.4.2 Constructed Wetland...................................................................................................................... 119 BAB V Unit Pengeringan Lumpur..................................................................................................................................... 129 5.1 Sludge Drying Bed....................................................................................................................................... 130 5.2 Belt Filter Press............................................................................................................................................. 136 5.3 Filter Press.................................................................................................................................................... 141 BAB VI Contoh Rangkaian Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja................................................................................................. 149 6.1 Debit Desain Kecil (10 m3/hari)............................................................................................................... 150 6.1.1 Detail Perhitungan Unit Pengolahan.......................................................................................... 150 6.1.2 Neraca Massa Sistem Pengolahan................................................................................................ 178 6.1.3 Kebutuhan Lahan........................................................................................................................... 178 6.2 Desain Debit Sedang (40 m3/hari)........................................................................................................... 180 6.2.1 Detail Perhitungan Unit Pengolahan.......................................................................................... 180 6.2.2 Neraca Massa Sistem Pengolahan................................................................................................ 199 6.2.3 Kebutuhan Lahan........................................................................................................................... 199 6.3 Desain Debit Besar (150 m3/hari)............................................................................................................ 201 6.3.1 Detail Perhitungan Unit Pengolahan.......................................................................................... 201 6.3.2 Neraca Massa Sistem Pengolahan................................................................................................ 235 6.3.3 Kebutuhan Lahan........................................................................................................................... 236 Daftar Pustaka....................................................................................................................................................................... 238

BUKU A PANDUAN PERHITUNGAN BANGUNAN PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR TINJA

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Daftar Bagan dan Gambar DAFTAR BAGAN Bagan 1.1

Teknologi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja...................................................................................................... 14

Bagan 6.1

Neraca Massa Sistem Pengolahan pada IPLT A.................................................................................... 179

Bagan 6.2

Neraca Massa Sistem Pengolahan pada IPLT B..................................................................................... 200

Bagan 6.3

Neraca Massa Sistem Pengolahan pada IPLT C.................................................................................... 239 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1

Unit Penerima dan Penyaring Manual di IPLT Gampong Jawa, Kota Banda Aceh........................ 22

Gambar 2.2 Manual Bar Screen (Aliran dari Kiri ke Kanan).................................................................................... 23 Gambar 2.3 Unit Grit Chamber di IPLT Karangasem, Bali....................................................................................... 27 Gambar 2.4 Skema Parshall Flume................................................................................................................................ 29 Gambar 2.5 Koefisien n Parshall Flume........................................................................................................................ 30 Gambar 2.6 Koefisien C Parshall Flume....................................................................................................................... 30 Gambar 2.7 Skema Unit Grease Trap............................................................................................................................ 31 Gambar 2.8

Unit Bak Ekualisasi..................................................................................................................................... 33

Gambar 2.9

Volume Kumulatif Influen Lumpur Tinja.............................................................................................. 35

Gambar 3.1 Unit Gravity Thickener di IPLT Suwung, Bali........................................................................................ 40 Gambar 3.2

Unit Anaerobic Digester di IPLT Gampong Jawa, Kota Banda Aceh.................................................. 44

Gambar 3.3

Unit Tangki Imhoff Terbuka..................................................................................................................... 52

Gambar 3.4 Skema Unit Tangki Imhoff ....................................................................................................................... 53 Gambar 3.5

Desain Skema Tangki Imhoff Tampak Atas........................................................................................... 57

Gambar 3.6 Desain Skema Tangki Imhoff Tampak Samping (Bawah)................................................................... 58 Gambar 3.7

Potongan Desain Tangki Imhoff.............................................................................................................. 58

Gambar 3.8

Unit Solid Separation Chamber di IPLT Buleleng, Bali........................................................................ 60

Gambar 3.9 Desain Sludge Separation Chamber Tampak Samping......................................................................... 62 Gambar 3.10 Desain Sludge Separation Chamber Tampak Atas................................................................................. 63 Gambar 4.1

Unit Kolam Anaerobik di IPLT Tabanan, Bali....................................................................................... 68

Gambar 4.2

Skema Unit Kolam Anaerobik.................................................................................................................. 68

Gambar 4.3 Rangkaian Pipa Cadangan pada Kolam Anaerobik.............................................................................. 69 Gambar 4.4 Skema Unit Anaerobic Baffled Reactor.................................................................................................... 73

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Gambar 4.5

Faktor Penyisihan COD terhadap Waktu Pengendapan pada Unit Anaerobic Baffled Reactor.... 77

Gambar 4.6

Faktor Efisiensi Penyisihan BOD terhadap Konsentrasi BOD influen.............................................. 78

BUKU A PANDUAN PERHITUNGAN BANGUNAN PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR TINJA

Gambar 4.7 Faktor Efisiensi Penyisihan BOD terhadap Beban Organik BOD..................................................... 78 Gambar 4.8 Faktor Efisiensi Penyisihan COD terhadap Suhu dalam Reaktor Anaerobik.................................. 78 Gambar 4.9 Persentase Efisiensi Penyisihan BOD terhadap Waktu Tinggal Hidraulik pada unit Anaerobic Baffled Reactor............................................................................................................................................. 79 Gambar 4.10 Skema Unit Upflow Anaerobic Baffled Fillter......................................................................................... 80 Gambar 4.11 Unit Kolam Aerasi di IPLT Pulo Gebang, Jakarta................................................................................. 84 Gambar 4.12 Unit Oxydation Ditch di IPLT Keputih, Kota Surabaya....................................................................... 90 Gambar 4.13 Contoh Desain Unit Oxidation Ditch Tampak Atas (Atas) dan Tampak Samping (Bawah)......... 93 Gambar 4.14 Unit Trickling Filter..................................................................................................................................... 97 Gambar 4.15 Unit Cascade Aerator.................................................................................................................................. 102 Gambar 4.16 Jenis Aliran pada Sistem Cascade Aerator: (a) Nappe Flow; (b) Transition Flow; dan (c) Skimming Flow............................................................................................................................... 103 Gambar 4.17 Unit Ammonia Stripping Tower................................................................................................................ 106 Gambar 4.18 Skema Unit Ammonia Stripping Tower................................................................................................... 107 Gambar 4.19 Unit Kolam Fakultatif di IPLT Tabanan, Bali......................................................................................... 110 Gambar 4.20 Unit Kolam Maturasi di IPLT Tabanan, Bali.......................................................................................... 115 Gambar 4.21 Unit Constructed Wetland di IPLT Buleleng, Bali................................................................................. 119 Gambar 4.22 Skema Free Water Surface Contsructed Wetland.................................................................................... 120 Gambar 4.23 Skema Subsurface Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland................................................................... 120 Gambar 4.24 Skema Vertical Flow Constructed Flow.................................................................................................... 121 Gambar 5.1

Unit Sludge Drying Bed di IPLT Gampong Jawa, Kota Banda Aceh.................................................. 130

Gambar 5.2 Skema Unit Sludge Drying Bed................................................................................................................. 131 Gambar 5.3

Detail Susunan Batu Bata pada Lapisan Pendukung Unit Sludge Drying Bed................................ 131

Gambar 5.4 Unit Belt Filter Press di IPLT Suwung, Kota Denpasar......................................................................... 136 Gambar 5.5 Skema Unit Belt Filter Press....................................................................................................................... 136 Gambar 5.6

Unit Filter Press........................................................................................................................................... 141

Gambar 5.7

Skema Unit Filter Press............................................................................................................................... 142

BUKU A PANDUAN PERHITUNGAN BANGUNAN PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR TINJA

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Daftar Tabel Tabel 2.1 Kriteria Desain Unit Manual Bar Screen ...................................................................................................... 23 Tabel 2.2 Nilai Koefisien Kekasaran Ma...