Phbio 1101L - Lecture notes 1 PDF

Preview

Summary

Biology...

Description

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY LABORATORY (PHBIO 1101L)

Botany is an important field of science as it has many applications in fields such as conservation, agriculture, forestry, horticulture, and pharmaceutical sciences. Knowledge and understanding of basic life sciences are paramount in science courses as some topics could be applicable to our daily life.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Exercise Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Title Microscopy and Magnification The Structure and Attributes of the Vascular Plants The Typical Plant and Modified Secretory Cells The Process of Somatic Cell Division (Mitosis) The Plant Tissues and Specialized Derivatives Cellular Transport Mechanisms: Diffusion Imbibition and Osmosis The Process of Plasmolysis Photosynthesis: The Role of Light Energy Photosynthesis: The Role of Chlorophyll Respiration Transpiration Morphology of the Leaf The Leaf Structure The Leaf Structure (Characters: Leaf Shape, Margin, Base and Apices) Anatomy of the Leaf Morphology of the Stem The Anatomy of the Stem and Distribution of Secretory Cells The Morphology and Anatomy of Roots The Morphology of the Flowers Morphology of the Flower: Reproductive Characters Types of Inflorescence The Sexuality of Plants The Fruit and Seed Taxonomy of Medically Important Local Plants

Microscopy and Magnification The microscope is an apparatus used in studying the specimens and structures that are too small to be discerned by the naked eye. The proper use/manipulation of the microscope requires special skills that can be learned by observing virtually actual demonstration of the teacher or downloaded videos. In microscopy, proper preparations of botanical specimens and wet mount slides are necessary skills to be developed and are considered in this exercise. The Optical parts: 1. Eyepiece the part where one view to see the specimen. It usually contains a 10X or 15X power lens. 2. The Objectives Consist lenses closest to the specimen. A standard microscope has three, four, or five objective lenses that range in power from 4X to 100X. The Scanner: the lens of this objective has a power of 4X or 5X The Low power objective (LPO). This brings the specimen into general focus. The power is 10X. The High power objective (HPO). This brings about the detailed structures of the specimen. The power is 40X. The Oil Immersion: This utilize oil to increase the resolving power of the microscope. The power is 100 X. 3. Mirror/illuminator: The light source for a microscope. Older microscopes used mirrors to reflect light from an external source up through the bottom of the stage; however, most microscopes now use a lowvoltage bulb termed as the illuminator. 4. Condenser: Found below the stage. This gathers and focuses light from the mirror onto the specimen being viewed Mechanical Parts: 1. Body tube connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses. 2. Arm connects the body tube to the base of the microscope. This is where one holds the microscope. 3. Adjustment knobs: a. Coarse adjustment knob: This knob is used if one adjusts the low power objective (LPO). b. Fine adjustment Knob: Fine tunes the focus and increases the detail of the specimen. 4. Dust shield: This is a depression located above the revolving nosepiece and prevent dust from entering into the objectives. 5. Revolving Nosepiece: A rotating turret that houses the objective lenses. This is used to adjust the desired objective to be used. 6. Stage: The flat platform where the slide is placed. 7. Stage clips: Metal clips that hold the slide in place. 8. Diaphragm: Adjusts the amount of light that reaches the specimen. 9. Inclination joint: allows the tilting of the microscope at a desired angle. 10. Stage Aperture: The hole in the middle of the stage that allows light from the mirror to reach the specimen. 11. Pillar: The part above the base that holds the upper parts of the microscope...