PHY098 Problem Solving Skill Assignment PDF

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Contents Pages Problem Identification Analysis Applications 5 - Synthesis / Evaluation 7 - Decision Making References ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFirst and foremost, praise and thanks to Allah SWT, the Almighty for His showers of blessings throughout our research work of this p...

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Acknowledgements

Pages 2

1. Problem Identification

3

2. Analysis

4

3. Applications

5-6

4. Synthesis / Evaluation

7-8

5. Decision Making

9

6. References

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praise and thanks to Allah SWT, the Almighty for His showers of blessings throughout our research work of this problem solving skill assignment until we finally succeed to complete the research.

Secondly, we would also like to express our deep and sincere gratitude to our lecturer, Dr. Aida Fazliza Mat Fadzil, our Physics lecturer for the guidance and encouragement in finishing this assignment and also for teaching us this course. It was a privilege and honor for us to study under her guidance, therefore we were very grateful to have her throughout our studies.

Other than that, we are extremely grateful to our group members for their cooperation, time, and energy in preparing this assignment together. All of our views and opinions were discussed fairly and taken into consideration in order to bring a thorough discussion between us into our assignments. With utmost appreciation, our works finally could be compiled successfully with a full understanding of our assignment.

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1.0 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Blurred vision is very prevalent and it occurs after looking and focusing on something for a long time without a break. People who suffer from blurred vision, usually need to squint or partially close the eyelids to see clearly and headaches can happen because of eyestrain. It is more difficult if someone is experiencing both nearsightedness and farsightedness as they need both lenses to correct their vision. Although it is unusual for someone suffering from both nearsightedness and farsightedness, it still can happen.

Besides, for the second problem identification, radiation produced by gadgets such as smartphones, laptops, and other handheld devices all transmits light. Blue light in particular may be toxic for our eyes by damaging the eye's retina. Other than radiation produced by gadgets, ultraviolet (UV) light can also have a negative impact on our eyes. UVA rays can pass through to your cornea and into the eye’s retina. The overexposure of UV light also can lead to other health problems such as the cornea becoming inflamed or burned.

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2.0 ANALYSIS

Nearsightedness (myopia) and farsightedness (hyperopia) are the common eyesight problems. Nearsightedness is a vision condition in which you can see near objects clearly, but objects distant away are blurry. It occurs when the light rays refract incorrectly due to the unusual shape of the eye. The images focused in front of your retina instead of on your retina. To correct this, concave lenses are used in eyeglasses. The concave lens produces an image closer to the eye than the object. Placing a concave lens in front of a nearsighted eye reduces the refraction of light and lengthens the focal length so that the image is formed on the retina.

Meanwhile, farsightedness is a vision condition in which you can see distant objects clearly, but the near objects may be blurry. It occurs when the shape of the eye leads to the refraction of light rays incorrectly, focusing the visual image behind the retina. Convex lenses are used to correct farsightedness in eyeglasses, where the distance between the lens of the eye and the retina is too short, resulting in the focal point lying behind the retina. The convex lens produces an image farther from the eye than the object. Eyeglasses with convex lenses increase refraction, and accordingly reduce the focal length and make the image formed on the retina.

Radiation is the energy that comes from a source and passes across space. It can come from unstable atoms or machines also can produce it. It can be dangerous if this energy passes through the body, either by touching the skin or being swallowed or inhaled. Radiation is harmful to the eyes as it can damage the lens, the blood vessels of the eyes, and the optic nerve. High-frequency microwave electromagnetic radiation from devices or radioactive material has the potential to damage eye tissues. This damage can cause loss of vision and may lead to blindness.

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3.0 APPLICATIONS

Based on the problem statement that we identify at the beginning of this report, we have figured out the solutions that can be applied for our assignment for new modification in the future.

In this product, we decide to improvise bifocal lenses with adjustable lenses. Based on the amount of fluid inside it, this lens would be able to adjust the shape and thus magnification. It will also have a squishy surface that can be pushed on to distort everything we see through the lens. Light passing into the second (different) medium bends through an angle with respect to the normal to the boundary called refraction. The angle at which light travels from one medium (air) into another medium (the glass or plastic material that makes up the lens) and back to focus or otherwise change the light is closely controlled in lenses. Adjustable lenses only use a single lens element, because unlike the lens element in a typical spectacle lens, it will be able to change shape from a plano-concave lens (one side flat, one side convex) lenses and everything in between.

This provides adjustable lenses’ user choice to variable focusing, users can adjust them for desired distance or prescription, or both. Near-vision correction is done over the whole field of view, this can solve the limited field of view problem. Adjustable focus lenses, like single-focus lenses, also reduce image-jump and spatial distortion in the field of view associated with traditional multifocal lenses. In addition, it is possible to obtain the perfect near-vision correction with accuracy, since the variable lenses mimic the youthful (non-presbyopic) eye's focusing action.

In the developed world, the standard approach for people with vision impairments is to visit an optician for an eye test. They are given a prescription, the glasses are made and from the store, they will pick the frames they want. In this situation, one relies on the presence of trained opticians and the infrastructure to produce and distribute the required materials. But these, in many parts of the world, are not present. The major problem is cost, when self-adjustable lens technology is being introduced, people do not require to pay for an optician anymore. This way will cut most of the cost which is to produce and deliver a pair of glasses to the one who needs it.

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Furthermore, we also can improvise the glasses by adding the radiation shielding properties with highly efficient gamma shielding of BZBB glasses with various Bismuth Oxide (Bi2O3) concentration in the xBi2O3-30B2O3-(65-x)ZnO-5BaO, (5 ≤ x ≤ 25 mol%) were evaluated for their radiation shielding properties. As we know,matter-absorbed radiation can cause serious harm. There are many factors that depend on the degree and type of damage, including the type and energy of the radiation and the properties of the absorbing material. In biological species, radiation exposure is due mainly to the effects of ionisation in cells. Thus, the Bi2O3 reinforcement has a synergetic effect on this type of glass system's nuclear shielding properties to avoid cells may become defective, which can lead to cancer . Due to its high density and high atomic number, the addition of Bi2O3 to the glass enhances the radiation safety features. As a result, Bi2O3 can be handled as a substitute for the nature of radiation shielding in the conventional glass method.

In addition, Bi2O3 glass has distinctive features, including the low-field strength and high density of Bi3+ ions, infrared transmission, polarisation potential, and resistance to moisture. Bi2O3 oxide is therefore considered to be one of the essential ingredients in the design and control of the thermal, electrical and optical properties of oxide glasses. Also, as a consequence of significant energy loss in each collision, materials consisting of light elements such as B2O3 have high efficiency in neutron shielding applications. In addition, its clarity, chemical strength and thermal stability can be enhanced by the inclusion of B2O3 in glass. By this application, we can overcome the problem of radiation that seems essential to protect our eyes against the adverse effects of those harmful rays.

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4.0 SYNTHESIS / EVALUATION

Based on the article “Central and peripheral visual performance in myopes: Contact lenses versus spectacles” (2011), the authors cited that contact lenses do not reduce the visual field and thus remove the symptoms of spectacle-related peripheral aberrations. They also eradicate the social discomfort that some associate with spectacles. Additionally, they stated that with contact lenses, the minification of the retinal image created by spectacle lenses is greatly reduced. However, contact lenses have some disadvantages, including higher costs, the need for daily aftercare, discomfort in some cases, and the risk of infection, especially with the growing popularity of wearing overnight contact lenses. To overcome this, we improvise the function of the spectacles to be adjustable which has a wider visual field just like the contact lens. Plus, using spectacles with the application of radiation shielding is much better than contact lenses as it does not harm the eyes and provides more protection.

Based on the article “The effect of part-time wear of 2-zone concentric bifocal spectacle lenses on refractive error development & eye growth in young chicks” (2019) cited by the author, Nevin W. El-Nimri, Hui Zhang, Christine F. Wildsoet, to correct the focusing defect, myopia was limited to optical tools and ophthalmic surgical operations, thus restoring sharp distance vision. For the sake of the optimum (clear) vision, single vision lenses still will be favored for certain visual activities such as reading because we only use a single focus. The effects on medication effectiveness of the disruption of those multifocal lenses should be taken seriously. We still can control myopia by using bifocal lenses and wearing them on alternate days may benefit us but still not as effective as full-time myopia control therapy at slowing myopia progression.

The article written by Can J Ophthalmol said the exposure to solar radiation is a risk factor for multiple ocular pathologies. Ocular disorders, including pterygium, ocular surface squamous neoplasia, and cataracts, are implicated in ultraviolet (UV) radiation. High-energy visible light (HEV) is associated with a macular degeneration due to age. To protect our eyes against the adverse effects of those harmful rays, ocular protection against solar radiation seems necessary. With the latest findings on the possible effects of HEV in retinal pathologies, we may question if this ability to filter is adequate to protect the eyes from

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damaging HEV radiation. To determine appropriate HEV light transmission limits, further work needs to be done.

Based on the research article that we found, “Superior and Highly Absorbed Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance” (2020), the authors cited that electromagnetic radiation exposure has now become an inevitable environmental issue, resulting from the booming development of communication methods and digital devices. Not only will it interfere with the regular functioning of electronic tools, but it also endangers human health. This article suggested that conductive polymer composites attract substantial interest because of their various advantages such as lightweight, low cost, corrosion resistance, and easy processing. Generally, the efficiency of electromagnetic interference shielding is the amount of absorption optimization and productivity of reflection, both of which are primarily dependent on a shielding material's electrical conductivity.

In Feng Ru Tang and Konstantin Loganovsky’s article, “Low Dose or Low Dose Rate Ionizing Radiation-Induced Health Effect in The Human” (2018), the authors cited that the human brain and eyes are well known to be radiosensitive and radio vulnerable organs. One of the most radiosensitive human tissues is the eye lens, and the retina is at risk of serious effects from radiation exposure, such as angiopathy and angiosclerosis. At an average low dose range of about 100 mSv, radium irradiation penetration of the lens during infancy can cause subcapsular puncture opacities and vacuoles in the lenses 30-45 years after gamma radiation. For the less than 20-year-old age group living in contaminated buildings, lenticular changes occurred, continued, and progressed long after very low dose exposure to radiation (4-6 mSv). Thus, it is very important to protect our eyes from radiation. Improving the function of the glasses as radiation protection can reduce the rate of ionizing radiation that occurs in the eyes.

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5.0 DECISION MAKING After analyzing and studying the problems, we had decided to make adjustable lens spectacles for the problem of limited field of view. Spectacles with adjustable lenses have the ability for distance and close vision correction. With this ability, they can just use the adjustable lens spectacles rather than use their bifocals, trifocals and progressive lenses spectacles. There are a lot of people complaining that they had a limited field of view when they used their conventional spectacles. It is because the conventional spectacles that people suffering nearsighted myopic and farsighted myopic are using have divided areas on their making their eyesight have limited field. Other than that, people with both nearsighted myopic and farsighted myopic do not have to buy two glasses just to solve both of their problems. By doing that, they automatically do not waste their money besides they just use a pair of spectacle which is the adjustable lens spectacles. It is because these adjustable lens spectacles are more affordable than the conventional glasses. While they are more affordable than conventional spectacles, for many low and middle-income countries the prices are still high. However, adjustable spectacles are the best solutions in the present so that the eye-care professionals can give more attention to other problems related to eye problems.

Additionally, we also had decided to modify the conventional spectacles by adding a radiation shielding at both of the spectacles lenses. This radiation shielding extemporizes the glasses by its properties with highly efficient gamma shielding of BZBB glasses with various concentrations of Bismuth Oxide (Bi2O3). Low radiation doses can cause permanent lens damage, leading to loss of vision and cataracts. The iris, conjunctiva, sclera, and blood vessels of the retina may be harmed by higher doses. Thus, this radiation shielding will protect the users eyes from harmful radiation such as ultraviolet and electromagnetic radiation. By wearing these glasses , it will also prevent eye strain, headaches, blurry vision and other discomfort while the radiation shielding will protect our eyes from the sun and glare. Considering all aspects, we had decided that adjustable anti-radiation glasses are the best solution for this problem as they adopt advanced technology and block the radiation, therefore have no side effects.

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6.0 REFERENCES

1. Yu, W. C., Wang, T., Liu, Y. H., Wang, Z. G., Xu, L., Tang, J. H., ... & Li, Z. M. (2020). Superior and highly absorbed electromagnetic interference shielding performance achieved by designing the reflection-absorption-integrated shielding compartment with conductive wall and lossy core. Chemical Engineering Journal , 393, 124644.

2. Tang, F. R., & Loganovsky, K. (2018). Low dose or low dose rate ionizing radiation-induced health effect in the human. Journal of environmental radioactivity , 192, 32-47.

3.

Ehsaei, A., Chisholm, C. M., MacIsaac, J. C., Mallen, E. A., & Pacey, I. E. (2011). Central and peripheral visual performance in myopes: contact lenses versus spectacles. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye , 34(3), 128-132.

4. Trang, N., Lalonde, G., Dubé, Y., Bourgault, S., & Rochette, P. J. (2018). Short wavelengths filtering properties of sunglasses on the Canadian market: are we protected?. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology , 53(2), 104-109.

5. El-Nimri, N. W., Zhang, H., & Wildsoet, C. F. (2019). The effect of part-time wear of 2-zone concentric bifocal spectacle lenses on refractive error development & eye growth in young chicks. Experimental eye research , 180, 184-191.

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