Phylum Apicomplexa Sporozoan Plasmodium Babesia SPP PDF

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Summary

PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA 1. Coccidian 2. Sporozoan Plasmodium Babesia STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Trophozoite SPOROZOA Parasites that have no obvious structures for the purpose of motility The earliest stage with 1 nucleus living inside the red cells. The early trophozoite is with a red chromatin dot and a s...

Description

PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA 1. Coccidian 2. Sporozoan

Plasmodium Babesia

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Trophozoite -

SPOROZOA -

Parasites that have no obvious structures for the purpose of motility

The earliest stage with 1 nucleus living inside the red cells. The early trophozoite is ring-shaped with a red chromatin dot and a small amount of blue cytoplasm when stained with Giemsa or Wright’s stain.

MALARIAL PARASITE (PLASMODIUM) What is Malaria?  Comes from the Latin word “mal” meaning BAD & “aria” meaning AIR  Highest mortality & morbidity rate (TB & AIDS) Plasmodium - A name which means nucleated mass and in which the asexual cycle takes place in the red blood cells of vertebrates and the sexual cycle in mosquitoes

MORPHOLOGY Some general characteristics are common to all malarial parasites. But differential features make it possible to identify species.  Trophic stage – The earliest form after invasion of red blood cells is a ring bluish cytoplasm with a dot like nucleus of red chromatin o Early trophozoite (Ring form) o Developing trophozoite 

Schizont – When growing, the parasites showing multiple masses of nuclear chromatin o Immature Schizont o Mature Schizont  Merozoites - Are observed in mature schizont



Some of the trophozoites develop into GAMETOCYTES or sexual stages, which are differentiated by compact cytoplasm and the absence of nuclear division o Macrogametocyte - Female o Microgametocyte – Male

2. Schizont -

this stage is provided with nucleus divided into 8-24 merozoites Each nucleus enclosed by some cytoplasm forming a merozoites

3. Gametocytes -

Sexual forms with 1 large compact and round or elongated chromatin mass Pigment: Some parasites have granules of pigment in their cytoplasm, other do not have any.

4 SPECIES OF PLASMODIUM 1. 2. 3. 4.

Plasmodium falciparum –Welch (1922) Plasmodium vivax – Grassi and Felet (1980) Plasmodium malariae – Laveran (1881) Plasmodium ovale – Stephens (1922)

Plasmodium falciparum (Common in Philippines)  Malignant tertian malaria  Subtertian malaria  Aestivoautumnal malaria  Blackwater fever o Black urine  release of Blood + acidic urine  Cerebral malaria  Tropical malaria  Subperiodic malaria Plasmodium vivax (worldwide)  Benign tertian malaria (*tertian – 3 days of attack) Plasmodium ovale  Benign tertian malaria Plasmodium malariae  Quartan malaria  Quotidian malaria

LIFE CYCLE (HUMAN)  Also known as “SCHIZOGONY”  HABITAT: Liver & Red blood cells (erythrocytes) A. PRE-/EXO-ERYTHROCYTIC SCHIZOGONY  Happens in the LIVER Sporozoite  Parenchymal Liver Cells  MEROZOITES (stage that can infect RBC)  HYPNOZOITE (cause MALARIAL RELAPSE) B. ERYTHROCYTIC SCHIZOGONY  Stages that happens inside the RBC 1. 2. 3. 4.

Ring forms (Young trophozoite) Developing trophozoite Young schizont Mature schizont

Gametogenesis  After completing a few schizogonic cycles, some merozoites develop into sexual cells, the male and female gametocytes.  They continue their development in the mosquito.

Plasmodium

LIFE CYCLE (MOSQUITO)  Also known as the “SPOROGONY” (Sexual)  Involved: o MICROGAMETOCYTE (Male)  produced microgametes o

MACROGAMETOCYTE (Female)  produced macrogametes

Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae

# of merozoites

Length of Erythrocytic Cycle

32/ 12-30

36-48 hours

16/ 12-24

48 hours

8/ 4-12

48 hours

8-9/6-12

72 hours

 There are two forms of sporozoites: Tachysporozoite and Bradysporozoite o

o

o

They are genetically distinct at the time of maturation when they enter the hepatic cells at the same time. Tachysporozoite – grow in the hepatic cell and multiply to form exoerythrocytic schizonts and then invade RBCs Bradysporozoite – is the cause of relapse of malaria. Bradysporozoite stay in the hepatic cells and will multiply later.

INTERMEDIATE HOST: Man FINAL HOST: Anopheles mosquito  Anopheles litoralis  Anopheles minimus flavirostris Live in slow- flowing, clear and clean mountain streams Night biter (perpendicular) ONLY THE FEMALE ANOPHELES IS THE VECTOR INFECTIVE STAGE (Man): SPOROZOITES INFECTIVE STAGE (Mosquito): GAMETOCYTES MOT: Bite of a vector Blood transfusion Sharing of needles and syringe

7. Chilliness

MALARIA PRE-PATENT PERIOD -

Period between sporozoites injected by the mosquito until the diagnosis in the blood sample of the patient

Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae

11 - 14 days 11 - 15 days 14 - 26 days 3 - 4 weeks

INCUBATION PERIOD -

Start of signs and symptoms

Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae

8 - 15 days 12 - 20 days 11 - 16 days 18 - 40 days

PRODROMAL SYMPTOMS -

Symptoms felt by the patient 2-3 days before malarial paroxysms attack. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Weakness Exhaustion Nausea & vomiting Aching limbs Desire to stretch & yawn Loss of appetite

MALARIAL PAROXYSMS -

Cycle of fever in malaria (*Paroxysm – highlight of signs and symptoms)

Cold stage Teeth chattering Chilling Cyanotic Last for 15-60 minutes Hot stage 40-41 degrees Nausea & vomiting Severe headache Tachypnea – rapid breathing Last for 2-6 hours Sweating stage Diaphoresis/ defervescence Last for 2-4 hours until fever subside Apyrexial Stage (Psychological stage) Irritable

SYMPTOMS OF SEVERE FALCIPARUM MALARIA        

Cerebral malaria Convulsions (...