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Government PropertyNOT FOR SALESenior High School PhysicalScience Quarter 1- Module 2Week 3: Intermolecular ForcesWeek 4 : Biological MacromoleculesDepartment of Education ● Republic of the PhilippinesTABLE OF CONTENTSPage Lesson 1: Intermolecular Forces What I Know 1 What’s In 3 What’s New 4 What i...

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Government Property

NOT FOR SAL

E

Senior High School

Physical

Science Quarter 1- Module 2 Week 3: Intermolecular Forces Week 4 : Biological Macromolecules

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Lesson 1: Intermolecular Forces What I Know 1 What’s In 3 What’s New 4 What is it 5 What’s More 9 What I Have Learned 10 What I Can Do 11 Assessment 12

Lesson 2: Biological Macromolecules What I Know 15 What’s In 17 What’s New 17 What is it 18 What’s More 26 What I Have Learned 27 Assessment 28

What I Know Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook. 1. The following are intermolecular forces of attraction EXCEPT A. Covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond B. Dipole-dipole D. London Dispersion 2. It is the weakest intermolecular attraction which is formed due to temporary dipole. A. Dipoledipole B. Ion-dipole C. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion 3. Which of the following will most likely form a hydrogen bond? A. HCl B. HI C. HF D. H2S 4. What type of intermolecular forces of attraction that holds Cl2 --- Cl2 molecules together? A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. Hydrogen Bond D. London Dispersion 5. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe Hydrogen bonding? Hydrogen bond is… A. a bond between hydrogen and the highly electronegative atoms N, O, F B. a bond formed between a partial positive hydrogen in a polar molecule and a slightly negative atom in another molecule C. a very strong dipole-dipole interaction D. the weakest form of intermolecular force 6. The following atoms participate in hydrogen bonding EXCEPT A. C B. F C. O D. N 7. Dissolving sodium chloride in water results to what type of intermolecular interaction? A. Dipole-dipole C. Ion-dipole B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion 8. What type of intermolecular force of attraction is present as indicated

by the arrow below?

H Cl H Cl

A. Dipole-dipole C. Ion-dipole B. Hydrogen bond D. London dispersion 9. The type of intermolecular force which is a result of unequal sharing of electrons resulting in a partially positive and partially negative end is called_________ A. Dipole-dipole C. Ionic bond B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion 10. Which intermolecular forces of attraction exist in H2S ----- H2S? A. Dipole-dipole, London forces C. Ionic, London dispersion B. Hydrogen bond, London dispersion D. London – London 11. The type of intermolecular forces of attraction that exist in all molecules is A. Covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion forces 12. Substance with __________ intermolecular forces will have _________ boiling point. A. Stronger, lower C. Weaker, higher B. Stronger, higher D. Weaker, the same 13. Which of the molecules has the highest boiling point? A. HBr B. HCl C. HF D. HI 14. Which of following compounds should have the lowest boiling point? A. HF B. H2O C. NH3 D. O2 15. Which of the following compounds most likely have the highest boiling point? A. C2H6 B. C3H8 C. C4H10 D. C5H12 Lesson 1 Intermolecular Forces

What’s In Have you ever wonder how sugar totally mixed up with water. What happened to the particles of sugar? Where did it go? Is it gone? But you noticed that the water taste sweet which means that sugar is still there. Do you still remember your lessons in Grade 9 where you learned that atoms chemically combined to form compound? The chemical attractions that held the atoms together in a compound are referred as

intramolecular forces. These forces of attractions exist between atoms. In water for example, the atoms of hydrogen chemically combined with the atoms of oxygen to form water molecule. There are three types of intramolecular forces namely: (1) Ionic bond formed when there is transfer of electrons and is usually formed between a metal and non-metal; (2) Covalent bond is a bond formed when there is sharing of electron. This type of bond exists between two non-metal atoms. There are two types of covalent bonds. A polar covalent bond (formed when there is unequal sharing of electrons between two combining atoms, and non-polar covalent bond (formed by equal sharing of electrons); and (3) metallic bond is formed between positively charged atoms in which the free moving electrons are shared forming a crystal lattice. The forces of attraction that holds together sugar and water molecule in a mixture is another type of attraction called intermolecular force. These forces of attraction exist between molecules which hold them together. Going through this module will help you understand the different intermolecular forces of attraction that exists between molecules. You will also learn from this module that the type of intermolecular forces

present in the substance is responsible for its properties.

What’s New Activity 1. FIND ME Find and encircle the words in the puzzle. D

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Boiling Point Intramolecular Non-polar Covalent bond Ion-dipole Polar Dipole-Dipole Ionic bond Surface Tension Hydrogen Bond London Dispersion Vapor Pressure Intermolecular Melting point Viscosity

What is It Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules, atoms, or ions. Intermolecular forces of attraction are weaker than intramolecular in terms of energy involved however; intermolecular forces are responsible for the properties of molecules. The intermolecular forces explain why substance exists as solid, liquid or gas at room temperature. The following are the types of intermolecular forces. Ion-dipole Interaction An ion-dipole interaction is the force of interaction that exists between charged particles called ions and a polar molecule. When NaCl dissolves in water, NaCl dissociates to form Na +ion and Cl ion. Since water is a polar molecule, it has a partial positive end and partial negative end. Thus, the Na +ion from the NaCl molecule will attract the partially negative end of the water molecule, while the Cl ion of NaCl will also attract to the partially positive end of the water molecule (Figure 1).

Ion-dipole

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: Fig. 1. Ion-dipole Interaction

Dipole-Dipole Interaction Dipole- dipole interaction is the force of attraction that exists in polar molecule like HCI. The unequal sharing of electrons between Hydrogen and Chlorine atoms in HCl creating a partially positive pole in H and partially negative pole in Cl and is referred as DIPOLE (Figure 2).

Hδ+ Clδ- Hδ+ Clδ Dipole-dipole Fig. 2. Dipole-dipole interaction

2 In dipole-dipole interaction, the molecules with permanent dipoles attract each other in way that the positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of the other molecule. Hydrogen Bond The bond that exists between water molecules is Hydrogen bond (Fig.3). It is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction between Hydrogen which is a polar molecule and a highly electronegative elements Fluorine, Oxygen and Nitrogen. In Hydrogen bond, the highly electronegative element F, O, N causes the hydrogen to become strongly positive.

Hδ+

Hδ+ Oδ Hδ+

Oδ

H-bond

Hδ+ Fig.3. Hydrogen bond in water The ability of water to form H-bond relates to its ability as a universal solvent. H-bond prevents the water from evaporating quickly into the atmosphere. It also causes ice to float in water since at freezing temperature, water molecules tend to form a crystal lattice as it expands. London Dispersion Forces- is present in all molecules. It is the weakest intermolecular force which is formed due to temporary dipoles of a non-polar molecule. The strength of the dispersion forces increases as the molecular weight of the substance increases.

Activity 2 Unscramble the letter to tell what property is being described in the statement. 1. _____________ (Bilniog pniot) is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure (Chang, 2015). 2. ______________ (Vcisitoy) measures how well the substance flow. 3. ______________ (Sfrucae tnsioen) measures the toughness of the surface of the liquid. 4. ______________ (Mltineg pniot) is the temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to gas. 5. ______________ (Vopar perussre) is the small amount of gas that can be found above all liquid? Activity 3. Let me FLOAT!!! Materials: • Glass • Water • Powdered pepper (paminta) • Liquid detergent • dropper Procedure: 1. Fill the glass with about three-fourth full of water. 2. Sprinkle a pinch of powdered pepper (paminta) on the surface of the water. Observe. Did the pepper floats in water? _____________________________ 3. Put a drop of liquid detergent on the surface of the water. Observe.

3 What happen to the pepper as you put a drop of liquid detergent to the water? _____________________________________________________ Chemical bond holds atom together in a molecule, this type of interaction is called Intramolecular It is the interaction that exist within the molecule. Intermolecular forces on the other hand, are the force of interaction that exists between molecules. Though this type of interaction is weaker than intramolecular force it greatly affects the properties of substance. In the activity, when you sprinkle powdered pepper ( paminta) on the top of the water, it floats on the surface. When a drop of liquid detergent touches the surface of the water, it breaks the surface tension of the water thereby allowing the pepper to sink in the water. Surface Tension – is a property of the surface of the water caused by the cohesive forces (intermolecular forces) between molecules which allows liquid to create a thin film on its surface. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the stronger the surface tension. The H-bond in water produces a high surface tension in water; thus, allowing the paper clip floats in water. Substance with weaker intermolecular forces will have lower surface tension. Boiling Point – is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure (Chang, 2015). Melting Point – is the temperature at which a substance begins to change from solid to liquid. In

general, substance with stronger intermolecular force (IMF) will have higher boiling point than substance with a weaker intermolecular forces. The strong intermolecular force of the substance holds the molecules tightly thus making the bond hard to evaporate and boil. Viscosity – is the property of substance resistance to flow. In general, stronger IMF means high viscosity. Vapor pressure – is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapor state, and it increases with temperature. A liquid with weak intermolecular forces will evaporate easily thus, has a higher vapor pressure while liquid with strong IMF will not easily evaporate thus will have lower vapor pressure.

What’s More Enrichment Activity: Do this… 1. Identify the possible intermolecular force attraction in the following: a. NaCl ------ H2O _________________________________ b. NH3 ------ NH3 _________________________________ c. H2S ------- H2S _________________________________ d. O2 ------- O2 _________________________________ e. HCl ------ HCl _________________________________ f. CH3OH ------ CH3OH _________________________________ g. H2 ---------- H2 _________________________________ h. Na2S ------ HCl _________________________________ i. Br2 ------- Br2 _________________________________ j. H2O ----- H2O _________________________________

2. Arrange the following compounds (H2O, H2S, Br2, NaCl) in increasing….

4 a.Boiling

Points ________________________________________

Points ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

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b.Melting

c. Surface Vapor

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Tension Pressure Viscosity

________________________________________

What I Have Learned Let’s summarize it! • Intramolecular forces are forces that holds atom together in a molecule. • Intramolecular forces are forces between molecules. Ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, Hydrogen bond and London Forces or Van der Waals Forces. • Ion-dipole is the force of interaction that exists between charged particles called ions and a polar molecule. • Dipole-dipole interaction is the force of attraction that exists in polar molecule. In dipole dipole interaction, the molecules with permanent dipoles attract each other in way that the positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of the other molecule. • Hydrogen bond- is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction where Hydrogen bond to highly electronegative elements Fluorine, Oxygen and Nitrogen. In Hydrogen bond, the highly electronegative element F, O, N causes the hydrogen to become strongly positive. • London Dispersion Forces- is the weakest intermolecular force which is formed due to temporary dipoles of a non-polar molecule. • Intermolecular forces affect the properties of substance such as boiling point, melting point,

surface tension, vapor pressure, and viscosity. In general, the stronger the intermolecular forces the higher the boiling point, melting point, surface tension and viscosity of the substance. However, in terms of vapor pressure, the stronger the intermolecular the substance has the lower its vapor pressure. • It also follows that, the larger the molecule, the stronger the intermolecular force it has. • The relative strength of intermolecular forces is shown in figure 4 below:

London Dispersion Forces Dipole

dipole interaction Hydrogen bond

Ion – dipole interaction Ionic bond

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

INTRAMOLECULAR

Weakest

Strongest

Fig. 4. Relative strength of intermolecular forces

What I Can Do In this activity will let you understand the effect of attractive forces to viscosity of a substance. Materials Needed: - a tablespoon of sample liquids (water, oil, condensed milk, chocolate syrup) timer Procedure:

5 1. Get one tablespoon of each liquid. 2. Get ready with the timer. 3. Pour liquid one at a time and record the time it takes the liquid to hit the ground. Record your observation. 4. Repeat if needed. Guide Questions: 1. Which liquid flow freely to the ground? ____________________ 2. What would be the reason why some liquid some liquid flow freely while others did not? _______________________________________________

What I Know Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook. 1. The following compounds are biological macromolecules EXCEPT A. Carbohydrates C. Lipids B. Carbon Dioxide D. Proteins 2. Which of the following biomolecules is important in muscle building? A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid B. Lipids D. Proteins 3. Carbohydrates contains the following elements EXCEPT A. Carbon C. Nitrogen B. Hydrogen D. Oxygen 4. Which of the following monosaccharide is most abundant in nature? A. Glucose C. Maltose B. Lactose D. Sucrose 5. A disaccharide which is mainly found in milk and other milk products is A. Glucose C. Maltose B. Lactose D. Sucrose 6. Which of the following is the building block of proteins? A. Amino Acid C. Nucleic acid B. Enzymes D. Phosphate 7. What macromolecule is represented in the figure below?

Image Retrieved: June 19, 2020 at https://rb.gy/f7d1ig

A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid B. Lipids D. Proteins 8. Proteins found in connective tissues like tendons and ligament is A. Collagen C. Keratin B. Fibroin D. Myoglobin 9. A type of protein which carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream is A. Collagen C. Hemoglobin B. Keratin D. Myoglobin 10. A type of lipid which contain a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end is A. Fatty acids C. Phospholipids

6 B. Oils D. Wax 11. The following are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA EXCEPT A. Adenine C. Guanine B. Cytosine D. Uracil 12. Proteins are polypeptide that contains repeating units of A. Amino acids C. Glucose B. Fatty acids D. Phosphate 13. Amino acids in proteins are joined together by __________ A. Glycosidic bond C. metallic bond B. Hydrogen bond D. Peptide bond 14. Enzymes are substances that catalyze a reaction. Which of the following is NOT an enzyme? A. Glycopase C. Pepsin B. Lipase D. Sucrase 15. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries genetic information of the cell. A DNA molecule contains the following EXCEPT A. Fatty acids C. Pentose sugar B. Nitrogen bases D. Ph...