Physical Science Module 4 (Long Size) PDF

Preview

Summary

A long description is a way to provide long alternative text for non-text elements, such as images. ... Examples of suitable use of long description are charts, graphs, maps, infographics, and other complex images. Like alternative text, long description should be descriptive and meaningful....

Description

Senior High School

Physical Science Quarter 1 – Module 4

Week 7: Sources of Energy

Week 8: Ingredients of Cleaning Products

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines Table of Contents Lesson 4.1: Sources of Energy

......................................................................................................... 1

What I Need to Know ................................................................................ 1 What’s New: Match Me ............................................................................. 1 What Is It: Energy Definition and Sources ................................................. 2 What’s More: Tell Me ................................................................................ 3 What’s More: Guess the Picture ............................................................... 4 What I Have Learned: Imagine and Draw.................................................. 5 What I Can Do: Choosing Energy.............................................................. 5

Lesson 4.2: Active Ingredients of Cleaning Products...................................................

5

What’s In................................................................................................... 5 What I Need to Know ................................................................................ 6 What’s New: Word Twist ..................................................................................... 6 What Is It: Cleaning Agents ................................................................................. 6 What’s More: Word Search.................................................................................. 9 What’s More: True or False ................................................................................. 9 What’s More: Crossword Puzzle......................................................................... 9 What I Have Learned: Sum It Up .................................................................... 10 What I Can Do: Find Me ................................................................................... 11

Lesson 4.3: Use of the Other Ingredients in Cleaning Agents.............................11 What’s In................................................................................................. 11 What I Need to Know .............................................................................. 12 What’s New: Detergent Action ............................................................ .. 12 What Is It: Role of other Ingredients .. 12 What’s More: Fill Me In......................................................................... .. 13 What’s More: Essay ............................................................................. .. 14 What I Have Learned: Remember Me ............................................................15 What I Can Do: Inventory Making.................................................................15 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 15 Assessment: (Post-Test) ......................................................................................................... 16 Reference................................................................................................................................... 17

What I Know Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the best answer on your answer sheet. 1. What do you call the capacity to do work? A. Acceleration B. Bonding C. Energy D. Force 2. What is the ultimate source of energy? A. Earth B. Sun C. Water D. Wind 3. What is the energy that can be repeatedly used without being depleted? A. Eternal B. Non-renewable C. Renewable D. Unlimited 4. What do you call the energy that are available in limited supplies and eventually will be depleted? A. Eternal B. Non-renewable C. Renewable D. Unlimited 5. What product is developed to facilitate the removal of dust and dirt and for disinfection? A. Chemical B. Cleaning Product B. C. Collagen D. Lotion 6. Which among the choices states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only converted? First law of Newton B. First law of Thermodynamics B. First law of the Universe C. None of the above 7. What type of renewable energy comes from building dams on rivers? A. Biomass B. Hydrothermal energy C. Solar energy D. Wind energy 8. Which of the following is the most common and frequently used as a cleaning agent? Chemicals B. Chlorine

A.

A.

B. C. Shampoo D. Water 9. What cleaning agent helps to stop the smell and stains caused by bacteria? A. Detergent B. Degreaser B. C. Disinfectant D. Water 10. What is formulated to aid in cleaning, making the task easier and faster to be done? A. Cleaning agents B. House maid B. C. Personal Care Products D. Vacuu 11. What cleaning agent is used in cleaning to destroy bacteria and viruses? A. Acid B. Degreasers C. Disinfectant D. Water 12. What active ingredient plays the key role of cleaning the materials to prevent diseases brought by bacteria and viruses? A. Antimicrobial Agent B. Bleach Activators C. Colorant D. Enzymes 13. What substance contains a blue dye or pigment that provides bluing effect when added to laundry products?

A. Bulking agents B. Colorants C. Flavors D. Fragrances 14. How does the enzyme improve the quality of a paper sheet? A. It makes it whiter B. It makes it more writable C. It makes it stronger and thicker D. It makes the paper colorful 15. What substance is commonly used as sugar-substitute? A. Glucose B. White Sugar C. Flavor and sweetener D. Sugarcane

iii

Lesson

Sources of Energy

1

What I Need to Know This module discusses about the sources of energy and how the energy is harnessed. After going through this module, you are expected to describe how energy is harnessed from different sources: fossil fuels; biogas; geothermal; hydrothermal; batteries; solar cells; biomass.

What’s New Activity 4.1.1 Match Me Choose the answer that best matches the definitions below. Write the letter of your answer on the column entitled “Match”. Definition

Match

Key Terms

1

The ability to do work.

A. Chemical

2

Radios, vocal chords, and guitars all produce this kind of energy.

B. Energy

3

Examples of this energy includes computer screens, lamps, and the sun.

C. Light

4

The energy stored on the chemical bonds of molecules, which is released during a chemical reaction.

D. Mechanical E. Nuclear

5

The energy released when the nucleolus of an atom is split

F. Sound

What Is It Defining energy is both simple and complicated. The definition varies from one field of science to another, but the most common definition it uses is the ability to do work. Energy can be found in almost everything and everywhere. Can it be found on the places we used to go? Can we find it on the things we possess? The answer to that is yes! For example, when we digest food, our body uses (chemical) energy embodied in the food to move around. When we turn on the TV or gadgets, electricity is used to create the picture on the screen and the sound it produces. Most of the electricity that we use in our daily lives are produced from the chemical energy released in the burning of coal, oil or gas. Now, if energy can be found literally on everything, why do we hear so much about energy crisis? According to the First Law of thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, energy can

1 neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or changed from one form to another 1. If that is the case, then there is no need to worry about running out of energy? Well, that question can be answered if we fully understood the concept of energy. As stated above, energy comes in different forms and can be used in different ways through conversion. Given a scenario of leaving a hot milk in an airconditioned room, what will happen to the milk? In a matter of time, the hot milk will turn into a cold milk, thus, there is heat loss. Is there a way of turning back the milk into hot once it has cooled down? Is there any way to collect the heat loss from the milk to the environment? None. In any example that we consider, we will see that energy, in the usable form, is dissipated to the surroundings in less usable forms. Hence, energy is consumed and would not replenish once it’s used to do work. With this taken into consideration, the next thing to do is look for conventional and renewable sources of energy. Conventional energy sources are the oldest sources of energy like coal and petroleum. Conventional energy sources are limited. They will not last forever and will eventually run out. Renewable energy, on the other hand, uses energy sources that are continually replenished by nature— the sun, the wind, water, the Earth’s heat, and plants. With the use of renewable energy technologies these fuels are turned into usable forms of energy—regularly electricity, but also heat, chemicals, or mechanical power. To put it simply, this energy can be used again and again and will never run out. The following are the energy sources: A. Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels comes from organic remains of prehistoric organisms, example of this are hydrocarbons such as oil, coal, and natural gas. Coal is the world’s largest source of fossil fuel. It is comparably affordable and is readily obtainable. Fossil fuels harnessed energy from the sun when they were still alive through the process of photosynthesis. To put it simply, fossil fuels are captured sunlight! B. Biogas: This kind of energy can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source. C. Geothermal: This energy optimizes the heat energy from the earth’s crust. This heat energy heats up rocks affecting the nearby groundwater. Once the groundwater becomes so hot, it turns into an underground steam, then this steam is used to drive turbines that generate electricity. It is said that geothermal energy is the main source of energy in the Visayas region. D. Hydro Power Plant: Hydrothermal energy is usually associated with dams since there is only few waterfalls exist in the country. The kinetic energy and potential energy of a falling water is being converted to produce electricity. This is the main source of electricity in Mindanao. E. Batteries: It is a chemical source of energy that produces direct current, DC. Some are rechargeable; some are not. F. Solar Cells: The energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation is directly converted into electricity. This energy will continue to renew until the sun cease to exist. Solar cells system mostly has these three main parts; 1. modules that convert sunlight into electricity; 2. Inverters where electricity is being converted into alternating current so it can be used by most household appliances; 3. battery that store the excess electricity produced by the system. G. Biomass: It refers to the organic matters and waste from plants and animals such as compost, crop remnants and garbage. Plants get the energy from the sun through the process of photosynthesis and this energy is passed to animals upon consumption. Biomass is used to produce alcohol and methane which are fuels useful in energy manufacture and running cars. H. Thermal Power Plant: Heat energy is being produced and converted into electricity by burning large amount of fossil fuels are burnt in power stations.

2 I. Wind Power: The energy from the wind is being harnessed by the wind turbines, converting the wind energy into mechanical energy. This kind of energy is renewable since the wind on the surroundings is unlimited.

What’s More Activity 4.1.2

A. Tell Me Provide the answers for the following questions. You may use different materials as a reference for the articulation of your points. 1. What is a good fuel? 2. If you could use any source of energy for heating your food, which one would you use and why? 3. Why are we looking at alternate sources of energy? 4. What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels? 5. Can any source of energy be pollution-free? Why or why not? B. Guess the Picture Identify the Energy Conversions in the illustrations below.

1

Example: Electrical Sound and Light

6

2

7

3

8 9

4

3

5

10

What I Have Learned

Activity 4.1.3. Imagine and Draw This activity is essential in helping you retain the knowledge you acquire by imagining it and illustrating it. This will also help you improve your skills in drawing. With all the sources of energy that was mentioned above, choose one source of energy and illustrate how you imagined it before and after you have learned it in this lesson. Draw it in a short bond paper. Be creative!

What I Can Do Activity 4.1.5 Choosing Energy Choose one source of renewable energy and one source of non-renewable energy and compare their advantages and disadvantages.

LESSON 2. Active Ingredients of Cleaning Products What’s In Previously, we have learned how the energy we used in our community is being harnessed and the most common sources of energy. Now, as we’re already talking about utilities such as electricity, in our household it is not enough that our appliances can function or our house is well-lighted. The house must be clean also! Do you know how can cleaning be done easily and quickly? If you’re thinking of cleaning products such as soap and detergents, then you’re right! What I Need to Know Discovering what makes those products efficient for cleaning. At the end of this lesson, you are expected to 1. give common examples of cleaning materials for the house and for personal care from product labels, identify the active ingredient(s) of cleaning products used at home 2. identify the active ingredient(s) of cleaning products at home 3. give the use of the other ingredients in cleaning agents What’s New Activity 4.2.1. Word Twist Rearrange the word to get the correct word. Clue: These words are related to cleaning!

4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

VESARABSI ________________ DIAC CIHOPHSPOR ________________ SDECNATINIFTS ________________ GEARDSEGES ________________ GERTETDEN ________________

What Is It Cleaning is one of the very common household chores on our daily lives. We do cleaning in our houses, offices and schools. Cleaning can be done easier and quicker if cleaning products are to be used. These cleaning products come in different forms such as liquid, powder, sprays or granules and are formulated to be used in the removal of dirt, dust, stain, and bad smells on various areas. The following are examples of cleaning agents: A. Water Water is the simplest and most common example of cleaning agent. It is extremely easy to use, a good solvent and has stability. Water is readily available and is also inexpensive. B. Detergents Detergents are agents which helps for the betterment of cleaning. It supplies the things that water alone can’t do. One of its function is reducing surface tension of water, emulsifying (break-up) soil and lifting it from surface, suspending soil in the cleaning solution. It is comparatively more operative in hard water and mostly harmless.

C. Abrasives Abrasives are very punitive cleaning agents. It is very hard and rough to use since they are made up of mineral particles. Some of the commonly used abrasives are pumice, sand, steel wool and calcite. Also, abrasives may contain alkalis (for removal of grease), chlorine (for disinfection) and organic solvents (for dissolving grease). Abrasives may be categorized as creams, liquids, pastes and powder, based on their texture. D. Degreasers Degreasers dissolve proteins using strong alkalis. They are very corrosive that usually damage the surface. Most of the time degreasers are composed of sodium metasilicate or caustic soda. Sodium hydroxide and sodium metasilicate are examples of strong alkalis which play a primary role in removing solid grease. Sodium carbonate not only provide a moderately high pH but also provides buffering to maintain pH levels upon product dilution. Alkalis ensure that pH is maintained at a suitably high-level during cleaning. Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) offers alkalinity at a slightly lower pH making it useful for buffering formulations and other uses that requires mild pH. Silicates perform additional useful functions. They offer corrosion protection, mainly on "white" metals like aluminum. Their other functions are for suspension of fine particles and reduction of the redeposition of soil that has been removed from surfaces. Ammonia is commonly used as an alkali in floor wax removers. E. Acids Acid is a compound that contains Hydrogen that can be replaced by a metal. It usually has a sour taste, capable of neutralizing alkalis and it would turn a blue litmus paper into red when tested. Phosphoric acid, a strong acid, is used for dissolving calcium and metal salts. It is also useful in tub, tile, sink and toilet bowl cleaners while Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid used in some toilet bowl cleaners. F. Organic Solvents Solvents are specifically used to remove grease and clean without leaving a residue, particularly, window cleaners and removal of finger marks on walls. The main ingredient of these solvents is water making it remove grease easily and is compatible with water. G. Disinfectants Disinfectants or antimicrobial agents are used to destroy bacteria and viruses by interfering with their metabolism or destroying their cell walls. Various chemicals make it possible to disinfect by alternating its structures, including alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, iodine, pine oil, phenolics and quaternary ammonium compounds.

5 Active Ingredients Found in Cleaning Chemicals A. Ammonia is a naturally occurring, colorless and soluble alkali gas. It is commonly referred as “household ammonia” in cleaning compounds. It is regularly found in window and glass cleaners, but mostly produced to be a fertilizer. It is an irritant to the skin and eyes, and it may be dangerous when consumed. B. Bleach or sodium hypochlorite is another alkali disinfectant. Bleach oxidizes or breaks down the molecular bonds of stains and germs. Bleach is commonly packages in the bottle as a 5 percent solution. When bleach is mixed with acids it forms toxic chlorine gas such as bowl cleaners. C. D-Limonene extracted from citrus rind is a neutral compound. The straight d-limonene are used as a solvent while d-limonene combined with a surfactant can be used as a rinse able cleaning solution. Surfactants are compounds that lowers the surface tension of water, making the molecules less likely to stick with each other and interact more with oil and grease. D. Enzymes and bacteria are used commonly for removal of degreasers and stains and cleaning of drains. These live organisms consume organic materials, for the purpose of blockage, stain or odor removal. E. Hydrogen peroxide being an acidic disinfectant, is commonly used in a 3 percent solution as a skin antiseptic. It also works as an oxidizer. It can also be used for whitening of paper pulp and treating drinking water. Most of the time it is combined with other disinfectants for greater efficacy. F. Phenol is a manufactured substance used in disinfectants and resins; it has many forms and goes in many names. For example, Nonyl phenol ethoxylate is regularly found in detergents. Skin exposure to large amounts of phenol can cause damage in liver, diarrhea, dark urine and hemolytic anemia. Hazardous Ingredients in Household Cleaning Agents A. Carcinogens Carcinogens cause cancer and/or promote cancer’s growth. B. Endocrine disruptors Endocrine disruptors mimic human hormones, confusing t...