Physiology Unit Notes PDF

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A summary of Physiology unit notes. ...

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Muscular Contraction  

signal from brain to move (electrical) - Signal moving across the Motor Unit (chemical) - signal at the filament level (mechanical) Sliding filament theory - Actin (thin) filament - has Troponin and Tropomyosin - Myosin (thick) filament - Ach (Acetylcholine) from the signal from the motor unit, allows calcium into the cytoplasm of the muscle cells - Calcium bonds to Troponin, making the bonding site of Tropomyosin to be available - Tropomyosin creates a cross-bridge connection with Actin, with ATP - The pulling action, shortening of the Z-lines is the power stroke

Energy Systems 

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2 systems - Anaerobic - Aerobic 3 pathways - ATP-CP - 0~15 seconds - anaerobic - yields 1 ATP - high intensity activity - fast twitch muscles - no by-products produced - limited by number of available creatine stored in the muscle -energy is produced when a phosphate breaks off ATP, ADP then searches for a replacement from CP -Glycolysis -16 sec ~ 3 minute -anaerobic -yields 2 ATP for every 1 molecule of glucose -glucose comes from carbohydrates, stored as glycogen (processed in the liver) -by-product is lactic acid -limited by lack of O2, (pyruvate needs O2, if no O2 then creates lactic acid) -lactic acid stops the electrical transmission to the motor unit (electrical energy cannot convert to mechanical energy) -when you reach your anaerobic threshold you need to STOP or SLOW down (move into CR) -fast and slow twitch muscles

- Cellular Respiration (glycolysis, kreb cycle, electron transport chain) -3 minutes + -aerobic -yields 36 ATP for every 'trip' through the cycles -main sources are carbohydrates and fat -by-products are CO2 and H2O -pyruvate is produced in glycolysis, does NOT turn into lactic acid because the O2 is available to 'clean' it up -limited by nutrition, carb load timing, gel packs etc. -slow twitch muscles

Nervous System -

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Central Nervous System o Brain o spinal cord o Peripheral Nervous System o cranial nerves (12 pairs) o spinal nerves (31 pairs) Autonomic Nervous system o Automatic o Somatic o efferent nerves (to the motor unit) o afferent nerves (to the CNS) Sympathetic Nervous System o raises localized body adjustments o 'fight' or 'flight' response o release of adrenaline, pupils dilate, blood vessels expand, blood rushes to muscles Parasympathetic Nervous System o returns the body back to 'normal' o must have sympathetic response for parasympathetic to engage o Reflexes (see diagrams) o Reflex Arc (pathway of the electrical stimulus and response) o Stretch Reflex ( knee jerk) o Withdrawal Reflex (pain response) o Cross-Extensor Reflex (compensation for balance) o Polysynaptic Reflex (multiple)

Cardiovascular System -

The Heart o myocardium, endocardium, epicardium, pericardium

4 chambers (atrium, ventricles) know the pathway of a red blood cell (bring a red and blue pencil crayon!!!!) right side, deoxygenated cycle to the lungs left side, oxygenated cycle to the rest of the body, stronger side arteries, away from the heart veins, towards the heart o O2, CO2 transport happens at the capillary level, via red blood cells (erythrocytes) o Electrical Impulses of the Heart o SA node (sinoatrial) o AV node (atrioventricular) o Bundle of HIS o Perkinje Fibres o ECG (EKG) o P wave (atrial contraction) o Q, R, S (ventricular contraction) o T wave (repoloarization, filling) Blood Pressure o Systolic o Diastolic Blood Properties o erythrocytes (hemoglobin = red army) o leukocytes o plasma o Respiration Conductive zone o Mouth o Nose o Trachea o bronchioles (all) o diaphragm contracts creating a lower pressure in the thoracic cavity o air moves from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration and rushes in to balance the pressure Respiratory Zone o respiratory bronchioles o alveolar sacs o alveolar ducts o capillaries (this is the cross over to the cardiovascular system) o Inspiration = inhaling o Expiration = exhaling o Diaphragm o muscle responsible for regulating breathing o contraction (lowering of) the diaphragm creating a low pressure system in the thoracic cavity o controlled by the medulla oblongata (in the brain) o the Pons (in the brain) is responsible for evening out your breathing (except when you cry) o o o

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measure of air volume VO2max Tidal volume tracking of non-athletes vs athletes

not trained vs trained individuals trained is a better working machine more air in = more O2 more O2 = less O2 deficit when increasing intensity (activity) Training Principles and Methods FITT 5 fundamental training principles specificity, progressive overload, reversibility, diminishing returns, individual differences training methods HIIT, circuit, flexibility...etc. Factors Affecting Performance intrinsic factors all in your head ie) motivation and tools for psychological readiness Self-talk Relaxation/Arousal Regulation Imagery/Visualization Goal Setting extrinsic factors out of your control Environment Equipment Technology Other players Officials Nutrition Macronutrients

Carbohydrates (% - ?) Simple vs Complex Proteins (% - ?) 20 amino acids essential vs non-essential, why? Fats (% - ?) unsaturated vs saturated, 10% rule of thumb Micronutrients vitamins and minerals Daily caloric recommendation Harris Benedict equation activity factor (1.4, 1.6, 1.8) fat % % of Carbs, P and F can be determined but you NEED to provide YOUR rationale Performance Enhancing Supports Various methods legal vs illegal WADA why risk it? why do they do it?...