Phyto Therapy Drugs PDF

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Summary

summury of plants drugs and active ingredient and examples...

Description

Toxic plants in Palestine

Plant

Toxic part

Amygdalus Communis , Almonds (sweet almond)

Active ingredient

•Laxatives •Antibiotics •Blood pressure medication

small pyridine alkaloid in leaf & root tissues, the four most abundant being nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine, anatabine

•Highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten! •Vomiting, diarrhea, slow pulse, dizziness, collapse, paralysis, depression, death, •respiratory failure • brain damage , •severe muscle weakness & spasms •high blood pressures •yellow teeth •loss of sense of smell and taste •all parts of hemlock are UNSAFE, Hemlock is so poisonous it can cause death. If someone takes hemlock, he should get immediate medical attention. •It can cause: increased saliva, burning of the digestive tract, drowsiness, muscle pain, rapid swelling , kidney damage , loss of speech paralysis, unconsciousness •complaints Stomach •Sweating •irritation Skin •Diarrhea •retention Fluid

•Antidiabetic drugs •GI drugs • H-2 blockers •calcium channel blockers •Hormons like contraceptives, estrogen •Caffeine ,SRII drugs .

Seed

‫التبغ‬

All parts of the plant are poisonous especially leaves and flowers

Hemlock

Ingesting less than a tenth of , poison a gram of hemlock coniine can be fatal for adult ‫ الشوكران الكبير‬humans; this approximately six to eight hemlock leaves. The seeds and roots are also toxic, more so than the leave.

Alkaloids In flower buds, the major alkaloid found is γ-coniceine

Thorns of these plants ‫ قريص‬may cause a skin rash or part Used irritation, the whole the rashes plant may be (flowers and very )roots serious and painful

•Acetylcholine •histamine •formic acid • silica •serotonin • 5-hydroxy tryptamine

Urtica urens, dwarf nettle, dog nettle

Interactions

•Phytic acid (antioxidant) •vital nutrients such as vitamin E , Mg , fat , proteins and fibers

‫اللوز‬

Tree Tobaco Tobacco plant, wild tobacco

Side effects over eat of almond leads to •GI symptoms: -Constipation -Bloating •Vitamin E overdose: -Weakness -Blurred vision •It may cause itching and redness When applied to the skin.

No known interaction.

Contraindications •In pregnancy may lead to toxicity. •Diabetes: almond might lower blood sugar in some people (hypoglycemia). •Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): worsen pain & diarrhea in people with IBS. •Kidney stones: Drinking almond milk linked with bladder and kidney problems in children at risk of kidney stones •avoid eating almonds with mold or fungi. •avoid eating bitter almonds because it is highly toxic. 1-Pregnancy anabasine can be harmful to the mother and also cause birth defects 2- breast feeding. 3- diabetes 4-Hypertension Cautions : 1- Cardiac arrhythmias . 2- Electrolyte imbalance or impaired hepatic , renal , pulmonary function.

•Children: UNSAFE and can be fatal •Pregnancy and breastfeeding: UNSAFE and can be fatal. Cautions : Use caution when touching or experimenting with new plants. If you’re foraging, pay special attention to plants that look like wild carrots, parsnips, parsley, and other vegetables and herbs to ensure it’s not hemlock

•Lithium • Diabetes drugs •Antihypertensive drugs. •depressants CNS •Warfarin

•Pregnant women; stimulate uterine contraction> miscarriage. •Diabetes ,lower blood sugar •low blood pressure •kidney problems. •If pregnant or breastfeeding, ask health professional before use a •Keep out of reach of children •In case of overdose, get medical contact a poison control help or center right away •Wash affected area of skin with water as soon as soap and possible after contact

Castor beans Ricinus communis, or castor oil plant

‫حبوب‬ ‫الخروع‬ seed

•The toxicity of raw castor beans is due to ricin. •the lethal dose in adults is four to eight seeds .

Triglycerides ( mainly ricinolein) also contains ricin, ( watersoluble toxin) , Three terpenoids and a tocopherol-related compound have been found in the aerial parts of Ricinus.

•Symptoms of overdosing on ricin include nausea, diarrhea, ta chycardia, hypotension and seizures, persist for up to a week. If ricin is ingested, burning sensation in mouth and throat, abdominal pain, purging and bloody diarrhea. Within several days there is severe dehydration, a drop in blood pressure and a decrease in urine.

Constipation Plants used for phytotherapy treatment forconstipation:Rhubarb, Slippery elm ,Senna ,Flaxseed ,Oat , Chia ,Cascara sagrada , Psyllium, Aloe vera, Caster oil ,Wheat bran ,Frangula. Plants Rhubarb

Used part rhizome s

Active ingredient

Side effects

Interactions

Anthraquinones glycosides.

Stomach and intestinal pain, nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, rash, uterine contractions. Long-term use can result in potassium loss, bone loss, muscular weakness, and irregular heart rhythm.

The leaves a nd the fruit.

Sennosides(anthraquin one glycoside)

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, stomach discomfort, cramps. Long-term use might change the balance of electrolytes in the blood, which can cause heart function disorders and muscle weakness. Dependence on laxatives.

Cardiac glycosides (digoxin). Medications for inflammation (Corticosteroids). Nephrotoxic Drugs. When Rhubarb taken in large quantities, it reduced the absorption of orally administered drugs. Digoxins. Diuretic drugs. Warfarin.

‫راوند‬

Senna ‫السن‬ ‫ا‬

Flaxseed ,linseed or common flax ّ ‫بـذورالك‬ ‫تـان‬

seeds

Oat

Seeds ( Oat bran )

ّ ‫نبات ال‬ ‫شوفان‬

Omega-3 fatty acid (alphalinolenic acid)

•Insoluble fibers :adds volume to stool and helps food pass more quickly and easily through the GI tract . •soluble fiber binds loose stools, dissolves in water and

•GI problems : stomachache, nausea, bowel obstruction, flatulence, oily diarrhea and bloating . •May be poisonous when took on raw form or when consumed in large amounts . •Partially defatted flaxseeds (contain less alpha linolenic acid amount) might elevate triglyceride levels . •Allergic reactions Flatulence and distention Anal and Perianal irritation Skin irritation Increases the bulk of stools and frequency of

•Anticoagulant and •Antiplatelet drugs . •Estrogen supplements •Antidiabetes drugs . •Antibiotic drugs .

It may reduce the absorption of some medications. Such as statins and iron . Metformin .

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction or perforation Ulcerative colitis Symptoms of appendicitis or acute surgical abdomen Acute intestinal inflammation (Crohn's disease) Fecal impaction GI or rectal bleeding cautions: allergic to senna. •GI obstruction •Pregnancy •Breast-feeding •Hormone-sensitive cancers or conditions •Hypertriglyceridemia •Diabetes •Hypertension •Hypotension • Bleeding disorders . •Flaxseed allergy .

Lactation and Pregnancy Digestive tract disorders: kidney stones and gout celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Chia seeds , common chia ‫ذورب الشيـا‬

Seeds

Cascara sagrada ‫القشرة‬ ‫المقدسة‬

tree bark

PSYLLIUM

seed husks, Mucilage

‫القطونة‬ ‫بذر‬

Aloe vera

Aloe latex, leaves

‫ص بِر‬ َ ‫ال‬ ‫الحقيقي‬

forms a gel-like material . Together, they bulk up the stool, soften it, and make it easier to cross, in this way the constipation is minimized . •rich in healthy omega3 fatty acids and fiber. •Chia seeds fiber is soluble which is thought to be the most tolerable type of fiber especially for patients who have IBS . When they absorb water, they convert to a gellike consistency . This can help with keeping the stool moister and softener to pass. Anthraquinones glycosides

defecation

Psyllium husk is the main active ingredient in Metamucil, a fiber supplement that reduces constipation acetylated mannans, polymannans, anthraqu inone C-glycosides (Aloin)

Allergy

Wheat Bran ‫نخالة القمح‬

The outer shell of the bran.

Insoluble fiber.

Castor oil ‫زيت الخروع‬

Seeds

Ricinoleic acid.

Diabetes

•GI disorders : diarrhea, bloating and gases. •Low Blood Pressure •Bleeding •Affect in Blood Sugar Lactating and Pregnant Women

•Anticoagulants (warfarin) •Antiplatelet agents (Aspirin )

•stomach discomfort and cramps. •long term side effects include dehydration, hear t problems.

Digoxin Corticosteroids Medications taken by mouth Warfarin Diuretic drugs fludeoxyglucose f18 lactulose Insulin

•blood sugar (hypoglycemia) •Burning and itching of the skin (infrequent) •stomach pain and cramps (high doses) •Diarrhea

•Digoxin •Medications for diabetes •Oral drugs •Stimulant laxatives interacts •Warfarin •Diuretic drugs Digoxin (Lanoxin) Fiber in wheat can decrease the absorption and effectiveness of digoxin

Stomach/abdominal pain or cramping, nausea, diarrhea, or weakness may occur. allergic reaction.

•Chlorothiazide, •Clarithromycin •Clozapine •Cortisone •Diuretic drugs that can decrease potassium : - chlorothiazid - chlorthalidone -furosemide (Lasix) -hydrochlorothiazide.

•High blood triglycerides •hypotension •Prostate cancer . •Pregnancy and breastfeeding: •Persons prone to flatulence •kidney disease conditions •In food poisoning conditions .

intestinal obstruction inflammatory bowel disease intestinal obstruction disorders renal dysfunction •Pregnancy or breast-feeding •Intestinal conditions •Kidney problems.

•precautions: Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Wheat bran seems to be safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding. •pregnancy(Despite castor oil being widely used in an attempt to induce labor in pregnant women, to date there is not enough research to show whether it is effective to dilate the cervix or induce labor)

Insomnia Plant Chamomile ‫البابونج‬

Passion flower ‫زهرة االالم‬ )‫(البسفلورا‬

Used part flower, leaves for eat.

Active ingredient Terpenoids: chamazulene, bisabolol. Others: coumarins, flavonoids, volatile oils

Side effect a-sever allergic reaction b- the flowerheads contain anthemic acid which is reported to act as an emetic in large doses c- swelling of the skin d- eye irritation

flowers

•Coumarin •umbelliferone •Harmine Other constituents: alkaloids, Flavonoids, Amino acids.

a- Drowsiness b- Loss of coordination (ataxia) c- Pancreas and liver toxicity d- Fast heart rate e- Confusion f- can causes allergies

flower

•Essential oil linalool. •Constituents: Volatile oil (up to 3%) containing over 40 constituents, including linalyl acetate (30– 60%), cineole (10%), linalool, nerol, borneol, Flavonoids

a- When taken by mouth, may cause constipation, headache, and increased appetite. b- When applied to the skin. It can cause irritation. c- for young boys who have not yet reached puberty. Lavender oil seems to have hormone effects that could disrupt the normal hormones in a boy's body. In some cases, this has resulted in boys developing abnormal breast growth called gynecomastia.

•with Sedative medications might cause too much sleepiness. •Medications used for lowering high blood pressure (Lavender might decrease BP).

Valerenic acid (essential oil) , vateranon , Anti-oxidants (hesperidin, linarin). Constituents: Alkaloids, Iridoids (valepotriates), Steroids, amino acids, Volatile oils essential oil, steroids, flavonoids, saponins and phenolics. Constituents: Jasmine’s volatile oil contains benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate, linalool, and linalyl acetate carbohydrate will boost your serotonin. Constituents :Oats contain saponins, alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids, silicic acid, starch, proteins (including gluten), vitamins (especially B vitamins), and minerals (especially calcium).

a-dizziness and headache. b- heart disturbances c- hepatotoxicity d- uneasiness. e- dry mouth f- thinking problems g- strange dreams

a- CNS depressants b- CYP 3A4 substrates c- Alcohol causing sleepiness and drowsiness. d- Alprazolam (Xanax) :decrease how quickly the liver breaks down alprazolam. increase the effects and side effects of alprazolam such as drowsiness.

a- Pregnancy and Lactation b- people who have a liver issues. c- allergic

a- headaches b- jitters c-shakiness d- problems sleeping after drinking too much tea e- allergic reaction.

no interactions

Pregnant women and breast feeding should consult their doctor before drinking jasmine tea.

Side effect and precaution a- intestinal gas and bloating b-on the skin can cause some people to break out. c- Difficulty swallowing food or chewing problems d- Disorders of the digestive tract including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

no

e- Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Oat bran and whole oats are LIKELY SAFE when ingested by pregnant and breastfeeding women in the amounts found in foods.

passiflora, Maypop.

Lavender ‫الخزامى‬

roots , Valerian ‫المخزني‬ \ ‫ ناردين‬rhizomes. ‫الناردين الطبي‬

Jasmine ‫الياسمين‬

Flowers, essential oil.

Oat flouer ‫الشوفان‬ common oat

Seeds

Interactions -they can increase the effect of sedative substances such as benzodiazepines and anxiolytics - they enhance the effect of coumarin anticoagulants (warfarin). - they should not be combined with alcohol due to it is weak anxiolytic action. A- warfarin b- antidepressants, especially of (MAOIs) c- sedative drugs, anxiolytics or antihistamines because of similar effects on the body. d- increase the effects of anesthesia and other medications on the brain.

interactions.

Contraindications A- Children under 5 years old b- Pregnant: because it has been known to cause uterotonic that can invoke miscarriage. c- People allergic to chamomile d- People allergic to pollen cautions: did not use with people has bleeding disorders. on babies, pregnant women, or during the breastfeeding period because of the presence of fetotoxic alkaloids in its composition, people who have liver and pancreatic issues. d- Surgery: Passion flower might cause sleepiness and drowsiness. It might increase the effects of anesthesia and other medications on the brain during and after surgery. a- Pregnancy and breast-feeding: on info. b- Surgery: slow down the CNS

Hypertension Plant Garlic ‫الثوم‬

Used part garlic bulb “ cloves “

Active ingredients sulfur compound – allicin

Side effects unpleasent breath and body odor heartburn , burn in mouth and throat nausea , vomiting and diarhea high doses- cause liver damage antiplatlate activity – bleeding

Interactions Anti-hypertensive drugs – amlodipine Anti platlates drugs – aspirin and ticlopidine Anti cougulant – heparin and warfarin Ibuprofen , naproxene , ginger , HIV/AIDS mediacations , isoniazid and vit d / calcium

Contraindications -allergy for garlic or it’s constituents -Severe liver disease -Safe at pregnancy and breast feeding women at usual doses , but higher doses may prolong attachment to breast and increase sucking

Basil ‫ريحان‬

the leaves and flower buds

Eugenol

medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel, daltepar , enoxaparin, heparin, ticlopidine, warfarin.

Cardamom ‫حب الهال‬

the whole pods , seeds

Cineole

-allergy for basil or it’s constituents -increased risk of bleeding due to clotting disorder -abnormally low blood pressure -safe for pregnant and breast feeding (but in food amount ) -Undergoing surgery -allergy for cardamom or it’s constituents - Likely unsafe for pregnant women in , medicinal amount, may cause miscarriage - Patient with gallstones : can trigger gallstone colic (spasmodic pain).

Cinnamon ‫القرفة‬

the inner layer of bark

cinnamaldehyde, ethylcinamate

•lowing blood sugar •basil oil contain estragiol which increase risk of liver cancer ,Acne ,stomach spasm , gases, diarrhea Nausea and vomiting , Bronchitis. Common cold and cough Constipation Gallbladder problems liver damage , mouth sores , low blood sugar and low blood pressure , breathing proplems as inhaled

French lavender ‫الخزامة الفرنسية‬

Flower and oil

linalool ,linalyl acetate ,geraniol ,βcaryophyllene ,lavandulyl acetate.

severe drowsiness. Constipation Headache increased appetite skin irritation when used topically

Hawthorn ‫الزعرور البري‬

The leaves, berries, and flowers

Flavonoids most important proanthocyanidin

it is safe when used for short term but can cause : Dizziness, Fatigue, GI disturbances , Palpitaions, Insomnia, Sweating

Celery seeds

Seeds

L-3-butyphthalide 3nB

anaphylaxis shock kidney inflammation photosensitivity induce bleeding

-Anti-hypertensive drugs –, captopril , enalapril -Sedative and Hypnotic- Chloral hydrate -Barbiturates- amobarbital, butabarbital, Phenobarbital -CNS depressantsclonazepam, lorazepam, zolpidem •Anti-Cancer drugs- Vandetanib. •Digoxin •Calcium channel blocker: diltiazem, felodipine, amlodipine •Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors :Tadalafel, Sildenafil ,Vardenafil •Nitrates- Nitroglycerin •B-blockers- atenolol, metoprolol, nadolol, propranolol. •levothyroxine (for hypothyrodism ) , Lithium , sedative medications ( clonazepam , lorazepam, zolpidem ) , photosensitizing drugs ( ciprofloxacin , norfloxacine )

anticoagulant , anti-platlate , antidepressant , gallstone and liver medication , aspirin

drugs for diabetes and drugs that have liver toxicity .

-allergy for cinnamon or it’s constituents -Severe liver disease -gallstones or colics -people takes anti coagulant or warfarin -cinnamon oil should not be given for pregnant woman or chlidren under the age of 6years . -allergy for French Lavender or it’s constituents - surgery -for young boys who has not reached puperty -pregnancy and breast-feeding

-allergy for Hawthorn or it’s constituents -pregnancy and breast-feeding -Heart diseases -might slow blood clotting and increase the risk for bleeding during and after surgery.

•allergy for celery seeds or it’s constituents •Likely unsafe for pregnant women in medicinal amount, may cause miscarriage and uterus contraction . •Patient with bleeding disorders •Patient with very low blood pressure

Phytotherapy For Menopause Plant

Used part

Active ingredients

Black Cohosh ‫كوهوش السوداء‬

Roots and rhizomes.

diverse phytochemi cals, such as polyphenols and estrogen-like compounds (isoflavones)

Side effects •liver injury •bleeding and BP disturbances as the herb acts as a blood thinner, •Those on estrogen or hormone therapies may not be able to take it safely. diarrhea, stomach cramps, chest pain, increased blood pressure, increased blood sugar.

Roots BLUE COHOSH ‫لزرق‬฀‫كوهوش ا‬

Interactions •liver medications •osteoporosis and arthritis medications •depression and mood medications •anti-seizure medications •antihistamines •cancer medications •cholesterol medications •Medications for diabetes •Antihypertensive drug •Nicotine contains chemicals that work similarly to nicotine.

Soybean ‫فول الصويا‬

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