PLSC 261 Midterm PDF

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Proto liberal - before liberalism was considered an ideology - Hobbes Mill - Considerations on Representative Government - Liberal - Individualism is core to liberalism - Didn’t think despots were useful - citizenship is important, despots mean don’t care about citizens - Individual choice and sense of enlightenment - Having investment in your own government will result in better government - Outlining benefits of democracy - Is for education for voting Mill - On Liberty - Harm principle: the only reason to limit action or words is to prevent harm on others - On self harm: he is fine as long as you are solely harming yourself and nobody else, repercussions count as harm - drinking is fine but not drunk driving - Action/Inaction - police officer example, causing harm by not telling individuals that the bridge is broken through inaction - Can you think of a speech/written material that Mill would have censored? - hate speech, anti-semetic violence on campus - Tyranny of majority - one group has power over another, ex. one group consistent with the power of making and voting in the laws, racial inequality, (120-121) - Favors free speech to the extent of the harm principle - helps to combat tyranny of majority, need different opinions to have democracy, need to hear all the voices not just the majority (whether right or wrong) Tocqueville - Engagement and energy of the population even if people are subpar Bejan -Parrhesia - everybody can say whatever they want, whenever they want, however they want (U.S. more invested in) (only accurate for certain groups, not everybody has the privilege to do this) (tyrannical majority favors using parrhesia) - Isegoria - everybody gets a chance to speak (Mill supports this one) Kant -Public use of reason - Your right to argue about tax distribution, protest, scholarly -Private use of reason - in public office, community affairs, pay taxes, what you do with your actions in the sense of civil duty -ex. Taxes - civil duty to pay taxes (private), but your right to argue about the distribution of them (public) -ex. Same-sex marriage - Has to do job to give out licenses (private), but can publicly protest same-sex marriage (public) *Compare and Contrast Hobbes and Lockes state of nature

Liberalism - freedom, individualism, rights, liberty, democracy, believe that freedom and rights are natural and are born with them w/ exceptions to certain bodies, social contract, reason-not emotional “rational actor”, Conservatism - think that it’s emotional (affect), opposed to rapid change, power comes from God (the divine), tradition- prejudices (positive), what is there is stable and good, don’t want revolution, don’t what chaos Locke - cares about property most, working and tilling the land (properly claimed property), gov’t most basic job is to protect private property, right to revolution when gov’t isn’t protecting property, freedom of religion, figurative consent to not be in the state of nature Hobbes- give up rights for the good for the whole, loss of freedom to gain security, the most important thing is survival, gov’t only has power because you give it power, preservation, “rational actor”, will act in our own self-interest rationally De Maistre - reactionary conservatism, the person that is ruling is from God, even if the monarch makes mistakes then they are doing good, conservative, don’t talk about it/ no deliberation Burke - prejudices with a positive connotation (preferences developed over time), habits develop for a reason and those reasons are good and helpful, natural change “Prejudice is of ready application in the emergency; it previously engages the mind in a steady course of wisdom and virtue and does not leave the man hesitating in the moment of decision skeptical, puzzled, and unresolved. Prejudice renders a man's virtue his habit, and not a series of unconnected acts. Through just prejudice, his duty becomes a part of his nature” (132) -On authority (136): derived from Church, thinks that Church and state need to be close together, state should have established churches...