Poli Sci 103 Study Guide 2 PDF

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Exam 2: Study Guide https://quizlet.com/102736592/flashcards https://quizlet.com/104762022/learn

Examples when limited war would happen: states supporting rebel groups to stop policies

Court of justice: can override laws made domestically Libson treaty: An example of the time where EU became a contentious issue with republics Key Terms War: Sustained, organized violence between two internationally recognized groups, with at least 1,000 deaths. Conflict: A difference in preferred outcomes in a bargaining situation. Most conflicts are resolved through negotiations and the use of leverage. Conflicts can arise over ideas (ethnic, religious, ideological) or interests (territorial, government, economics). Revolution in military affairs (RMA): The rise of high technology use in warfare. It was the belief among military leaders that technological superiority would be key to future warfare. There was a need for a “smaller, leaner, and more advanced military.” Also known as fourth generation warfare. 1: Muskets, line and column tactics 2: Attrition warfare; firepower 3: Maneuver warfare; rapid mechanization 4: Guerilla warfare; asymmetric war: conventional forces like army and navy face guerilla forces or terrorists Leverage: The use of power capabilities to influence an actor to reach an agreement more favorable to you. The power question asks how you get someone to do something they would not otherwise do? The answer: use leverage. This can include using incentives, such as carrots vs. sticks. Ex: Non-military means: trade, economic sanctions, foreign aid, diplomats Military means: conventional forces, irregular forces, weapons of mass destruction Full spectrum dominance: The assumption that U.S. forces would have command of the network; at any given point, the US can go into battle and have eyes and ears everywhere. Have full control of all types of communication: radio waves, the internet, maps, etc, as well as the physical battlefield in combat. Defense economics: The allocation of spending on defense. Different states allocate spending differently based on a variety of factors such as perceived comparative advantage, threats in the neighborhood, and alliance partners. There is a tradeoff between long-term economic growth and military spending. In the short run, there is an increase in both technology and jobs, but over the long run, there is a cost. SLOCs: Sea lanes of communication-- sea highways through the ocean. ⅓ of world shipping goes through these lanes. The issue is that there are many competing territorial claims in this area, making it a perfect mix for war; there are a lot of tensions and many competing interests. Irredentism: The goal of regaining territory lost to another state. When a state loses a territory, they want to take it back. Usually has to do with border/land disputes. Form of nationalism that leads directly to serious interstate conflicts; usually a common cause of war. BULGERIA TURKEY SERBIA 1885

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Secessionism: Efforts to withdraw from an existing state, usually by an ethnic group. Some secessionist efforts are driven purely by territory, others religious reasons, and others ideologically. Sensitivity interdependence: A form of economic interdependence where states are sensitive to a decline in trade, but can find alternate suppliers of needed goods. This interdependence tends to be associated with lower levels of conflict. Can find another place to get the same good if one cannot trade with the country anymore. Vulnerability interdependence: A form of economic interdependence where states are vulnerable to a decline in trade because it cannot be easily substituted by an alternate trade partner. This interdependence tends to be associated with higher levels of conflict. Too much vulnerability is a bad thing, when you’re the most reliant on people. this is when you’re the most nervous and vulnerable. Nationalism: Idea that the nation and state should be congruent. Nationalism is a continuum. Some versions of it are very benign, such as the Olympics. Everyone is proud to be from where they’re from and compete on harmless fields of battle. Other versions are not so benign. The idea that one group is better than the other; has no right to be there, and a group would kill them for being there. Resource curse: The idea that most countries with a lot of natural resources tend to not do well economically or politically. Stems from the question of natural resources… are states more likely to have civil wars because of natural resources? States with a large amount of valuable natural resources tend to be authoritarian states with non-industrialized economies, huge rich-poor gaps, and low growth rates. Kimberley Process: UN sponsored process to monitor trade in rough diamonds. Created in response to the belief that blood diamonds are facilitating war. This was the international community’s response to the problem. Under this process, all rough diamonds crossing state borders must: 1. Be in a tamper-proof container 2. Be accompanied by certification papers that are embossed with a unique serial number 3. Only be destined from other Kimberley Process states. Vertical Proliferation: States who already have nuclear weapons get more. The issue with this is that the more there are to maintain, the more likely that things will go wrong. Ex: nuclear arms race during the Cold War Horizontal Proliferation: States or non-state actors who did not previously not have nuclear weapons get them. Ex: India, Pakistan, Israel-- not members of the NPT. Prevention: A counter-proliferation strategy used to prevent another party from acquiring weapons of mass destruction when their acquisition is not imminent or known to be planned. Typically involves monitoring. Pre-emption: A counter-proliferation strategy used to prevent another party from acquiring weapons of mass destruction when their acquisition is perceived to be imminent. Typically involves military action. EX. ISRAEL ATTACKING BAGHDAD BC FOUND OUT THEY WERE BUILDING A REACTOR Persuasion: A counter-proliferation strategy used to persuade another party not to acquire or to give up weapons of mass destruction, usually by offering material incentives. SOUTH AFRICA GAVE UP NUKES BC THEY DIDNT WANT THEM ANYMORE… we rewarded them for this (carrots work) Coup d’etat: “Blow against the state.” Overthrow of an existing government by a small, powerful group. Occurs when the military doesn’t like the state-- want a powerful military, but don’t want a military so powerful that they’ll coup against the government. Normally, democracies do not have this problem. Diaspora: Part of the community no longer lives in the home country, or this group of people is just first generation. The attitude of the diaspora: does the group want to be part of the larger country? These

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groups often play an important role in either encouraging or mediating conflict. Societal Cleavages: Divisions within a society, which can be based on socio-economic status, ethnicity, religion, national identity, ideology, etc. Parallel Cleavages: Societal divisions where the salient cleavage lines run parallel to each other. In these cases, it is easier to foster nationalism and cause civil war by mobilizing among relevant cleavages. Cross-Cutting Cleavages: Social divisions where the salient cleavage lines cut across society, meaning individuals fall into multiple categories. Civil war is thought to be less likely in this environment. Lootable resources: Not just any raw material, must have the ability to be stolen. Diamonds vs. oil-cannot steal oil, but you can steal diamonds. Idea is to steal these lootable resources and sell them on the black market. This is what drives conflicts. Ex: Diamonds, copper, coal, etc. Ancient hatred school: Seeks to answer the question regarding why civil wars occur in particular areas between certain ethnic groups. States that groups continue to fight because they always have; that they’ve been fighting “forever.” This really means nothing, and just begs the question as to why they started hating each other in the first place, however long ago it started. Problems: overpredicts conflicts, cannot predict timing, and it is usually an excuse to do nothing. Weapons of mass destruction: Three types: nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. They are distinguished from conventional weapons by their enormous potential lethality given their small size and modest costs, and by their relative lack of discrimination in whom they kill. Depending on the type, they can be fired from the home territory of one state and wreak great destruction on the home territory of another state. International organization (IO): Organization that addresses international problems. Two types: IGOs and NGOs. IOs are thought to facilitate cooperation in three ways: 1. Creates a shadow of the future-- if states know they will see each other again, they will behave differently 2. Share information between members-- European Coal and Steel Agreement 3. Assist in punishing defectors-- sharing data + shadow of the future = punish those who cheat together. Intergovernmental organization (IGO): Formal international institutions which have a) state members b) a permanent secretariat (a physical location with staff) Ex: UN, AU, EU, NATO, IMF Nongovernmental organization (NGO): An organization whose members are non-state actors or individuals. Ex: Catholic Church, Red Cross, Amnesty International Civil-military relations: Relationship between a state’s civil authorities and its military. Democracies have civilian control over the military. Some autocracies have military control over the society. Important factor in how states use force. Functionalism: Cooperation in technical matters would spill-over into political matters. Idea that states, if they cooperated in having common policies, such as monetary and trade, would become so intertwined over time that they’d never hurt each other because they need one another. Idea of mutual dependence. Neofunctionalism: Modification of functionalism that was created to help explain the developments of supranational bodies like the European Parliament. Argue that economic integration, otherwise known as functionalism, generates a political dynamic that drives integration further. Closer economic ties require more political coordination in order to operate effectively and lead to political integration-- the spillover

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effect. Supranationalism: Decisions being made at levels higher than national governments. Overarching bodies of bureaucrats make decisions. Contrary to the theory of nationalism and identity politics. In the sense of the EU, it is the notion to forget about being Italian, French, German… we’re all European. Observing: Unarmed military officers sent to a conflict area in small numbers to simply watch what happens and report back to the UN; collect intelligence information. With the UN watching, parties are less likely to break a cease-fire. Peacekeeping: The UN’s own forces, borrowed from armies of members states but under the command of the UN, are peacekeeping forces. They are there to calm regional conflicts and keep a neutral role between warring forces. Carried out by lightly armed soldiers. They can either interpose themselves physically to keep sides apart, or try to negotiate with officers on both sides. Have different rules of engagement. Possibly only can fire when fired upon, possible can intervene, etc. Problems: ● Lack of ability to actually keep peace ● Lack of overall control ● Mission creep ● Lack of funding Peacemaking: Intervening in active conflict and imposing peace.The UN created peacemaking/peace enforcement units that monitors a cease-fire and enforces it if it breaks down. Emanation: Organizations spun off from other organizations, not directly created by their member states. Mission Accretion: When international organizations do more than they were created to do. International regime: Norms, treaties, principles, and procedures that are the basis of IR. Regimes is the overall umbrella term for all international institutions. Just war doctrine: States the laws concerning wars, divided into two areas: laws of war (when war is permissible) and laws in war (how wars are fought). Distinguishes just wars, which are legal, from wars of aggression, which are illegal. Crime against humanity: When a government violates the rights of its citizens. International norms have shifted against sovereignty and toward protecting endangered citizens. Governments worldwide must act to save civilians from genocide or crimes against humanity perpetrated or allowed by their own governments. Key International Organizations: United Nations: Founded in 1945 by 51 states. Followed the League of Nations. Closest thing we have to a world government, but it is not a world government. Members are sovereign states. The purpose of the UN is to provide a global institutional structure through which states can sometimes settle conflicts with less reliance on the use of force. Need of cooperation, peace, and prosperity in the international system, within the concept of sovereignty. Not intending to infringe on the rights of states, and recognizes power within the global system. ● Symbol of international order and global identity ● Forum where states promote their needs and bring their disputes ● Mechanism for conflict resolution in international security affairs ● Coordinating system for information and planning by hundreds of internal and external agencies and programs and for the publication of international data General Assembly: the “Parliament of Man” or “World Assembly.” 193 members: all states have

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a seat and a voice. Everyone wants in on the GA in order to recognized as a state. Symbolically important but weak because all resolutions are non-binding; in the end, states really decide what they want to do. Cannot force member or UN staff to do much of anything. Three powers: 1. Accredit national delegations 2. Control finances 3. Administrative oversight Security Council: Most powerful part of the UN: its enforcement wing. Passes resolutions for the use of force, sanctions, and investigations. Key feature: 5 permanent members with veto power-- 5 victors of WWII: China, US, USSR, Great Britain, France. Also has 10 other rotating members-- need 9 vote majority but any 1 veto from the P-5 means no action is taken. UN Secretariat: Sets the agenda internationally on moral or norm-related issues. Has huge normative power; people call on him to mediate disputes, make statements about the world, etc. Secretariat is the “focal point” during international crisis. Has far more social power than material power; small budget, no army, but has social and leadership power. World Court: Judicial arm of the UN. Only states can be sued in the World Court. When a state has a grievance against another, it can take the case to the World Court for impartial hearing. 15 judges elected for 9-year terms by a majority in the SC and the GA. Great weakness of the WC: states have not agreed upon a comprehensive way to subject themselves to the WC’s jurisdiction or obey its decision. States reserve their right and limit the degree to which the Court can infringe on national sovereignty. International Atomic Energy Agency: Ran by the UN. “Watchdogs of nuclear power.” Under the NPT, the IAEA can go into any plant for inspection of nuclear power. European Union: Created on the idea of functionalism-- cooperation in technical matters would spill over into politics. Started with the European Coal and Steel Community which forced France, Germany, Italy, and Benelux to cooperate with one another under laws regarding coal and steel. Supranationalist organization that makes decisions for all European countries, higher than national governments. Council of Ministers: Ministers of each state. Weighted voting system by law, but practice is consensus. Bigger states get more votes than smaller states. Worries about sovereignty preservation. Not a lot happens here, just negotiations. Ministers are representatives of their states-- their care about what policies are doing to their specific state. European Council: Just the heads of state. Meets twice a year. Somewhat symbolic-- really up to ministers and the commission to implement their decisions. European Commission: The “heart” of the EU. Staff of 34,000. Identifies problems and policies and notifies the Council of the EU. Implements policies from the Council. One member from each country, but it focuses on European interests, not the interests of their respective countries. European Parliament: Watchdog over the Commission-- approves their budget. Members are European political parties organized across state lines. Notable for its cross national, pan-European political parties. International Criminal Court: Holds individuals responsible; individuals can be sued here. The decisions made by the ICC become the supreme law of the land, over national power-- infringement on sovereignty. Created to deal with war crimes, replaced the temporary war courts created after massive wars. Prosecutes: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression. How the ICC hears cases: ● A state can refer one of its own

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The independent prosecutor of the ICC can begin a case if the crime occurred on the territory of a signatory [or a vessel owned by a signatory] ● The Security Council can refer any individual to the prosecutor-- whether you’re a member of the ICC or not. ICC cannot hear a case if ● A state is already prosecuting the case domestically ○ No simultaneous trail ● The accused has been found innocent in a domestic court ○ No double jeopardy ● Exception: if prosecutor or UNSC determines the domestic prosecution was not sufficient. Key Treaties and Agreements: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: Created a framework for controlling the spread of nuclear materials and expertise. States are allowed to have peaceful nuclear technology, such as science, research, medical, and energy. If a state does not have nuclear weapons, they cannot make them. The P-5 is grandfathered in and can have nuclear weapons that they have already created. Every state who signs onto the treaty agrees to not build nuclear weapons. Treaty of Rome: Precursor to the European Union. Created two new organizations: Euratom, the European Atomic Energy Community whose goal was to coordinate nuclear power development, and the European Economic Community, which later turns into the European Community and later the EU. The goal of this organization was to achieve free trade in Europe. The Maastricht Treaty renames the EC the EU. Creates a monetary union that replaces existing national currencies with a single European currency, a European police agency to respond to border control, and expanded the idea of citizenship within member countries. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Core international document adopted by the UN concerning human rights. Sets forth hoped-for international norms regarding behavior by governments toward their own citizens and foreigners alike. Roots itself in the principle that violations of human rights upset the international order, causing outrage, sparking rebellion, etc. The UN Charter commits states to respect fundamental freedoms. States that “all human beings are born free and equal” without regard to race, sex, language, religion, political affiliation, or the status of the territory in which they were born. Key Tasks: Describe the four generations of warfare and give an example of each. 1. Muskets, line and column tactics 2. Attrition warfare; firepower 3. Maneuver warfare; rapid mechanization 4. Guerilla warfare; asymmetric war: Conventional forces like army and navy face guerilla forces or terrorists Explain why it is favorable to have cross-cutting cleavages rather than parallel cleavages in a country. Cleavages: How society is divided: religion, class, political party. Similarities between people that they have in common. Examples: religion, socioeconomic status, political affiliation. Parallel cleavages: Social divisions where the most important lines run parallel to each other. It is easier to foster nationalism and cause civil war by m...