Pols Final Notes - From Chapter:3 to 8, Politics, Andrew Heywood PDF

Preview

Summary

From Chapter:3 to 8, Politics, Andrew Heywood...

Description

Chapter 4: Democracy and Legitimacy Concept: Legitimacy, legitimate “to declare lawful” righfulness. It is the key to politic stability. Democratic legitimacy sometimes is seen as the only meaningful of legitimacy. Confers on an order or command an authoritative/binding character, thus transforming power into authority. Political Philosophers: as a moral/rational principle-grounds on which governments may demand obedience from citizens. However, they see legitimacy soc-cal terms. As a willingless to comply with a system of rule regardless of how this is achieved. Understanding legitimacy as social phenomenon by Max Weber. Traditional Authority: Based on fixed and unquestioned customs; traditional authority found amongst the tribe/small groups in patriarchalism and gerentocracy (the rule of the aged, authority of elders) monarchy. Best examples: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Morocco. It is closely link to the hereditary system. There is traditional authority as constitutional form, in UK, Belgium, Netherlands. Charismatic Authority: This form of authority is based on the power of an indivudal’s personality. This is on her or his charisma. Owing nothing to a person’s status social position or office. Charismatic authority operates entirely through the capacity of a leader to make a direct personal appeal to followers as a kind of hero or saint. Fidel Castra, Colonel Gaddafi, Mussolini, Hitler and Ayatullah Khomeini may be given as example. Legal-Rational Authority. Links authority to a clearly and legally defined set of rules. In Weber’s view, legal rational authority is the typical form of authority operating in most modern states. Constitutional rules, which constrain or limit what an office

Consent (election, political parties, participating in interest groups. Rightfulness – non-violent conflict resolution. (voices of different groups can be heard power is dispursed) Political stability prosperity. Government Overload: Subject to over demand. Politicians/Political Parties -> get power -> the government and with unreleting/incompatible demands. Fiscal and welfare crisi: The crisis in state finance that occurs when expending social expenditure coincider with recession and declining tax revenues. New right: “hegemonic project” try to extablish a rival set of pro individuals and pro market values and theories. Nanny-state: the government regarded as overprotective or as interfering unduly with personal choice. UK, France, Spain, Australia, New Zealand – broadly similar goals/values. Legitimacy crises may have dramatic consequences: public policy, leadership, legitimacy may collapse all togethers. Democratic Legitimacy Meaningful form of legitimacy Democracy can be seen to promote legitimacy Consent: investing political authority with a formal “right to rule” legitimacy by expanding the opportunities for political participation through act of voting, participating in a political party etc. Political Participation= Government+People Process of compromise, conciliation, negotiation; Through rival interest/groups find a way/solution Notabl elections assembly debates, party

holder is able to do. The advantage of this form of authority over both traditional and charismaitic authority is that, as it is attached to an office rather than a person, it is far less likely to be abused or give rise to injustice. 1. Legitimation Crises and Revolutions. Orthodox Marxists: inclined to dismiss legitimacy as bogus, nothing more than burgeois myth. Modern Marxists: following Gramsei-acknoledged that capitalism is in part upheld by its ability to secure political support. Neo-marksists. Not merely on the class system, but also on the machinery through which legitimacy is maintained (the democratic process party competition, welfare, social reform etc.). Highlighted what they see as the inherent difficulty of legitimizing a political system that based on unequal class

competition Non-violent conflict resolution Operates as a feedback system The outputs of government with the inputs/pressures placed upon it Mechanism through which government can be removed/public policy changed: it tends to keep disequilibrium in the political system to a minimum, enabling, legitimation crises to be managed effectively underpinning the potential for rebellion or revolution Trust!: faith, a reliance on, confidence in, the honesty, worth, reliability of another person Based on expectation of others’ future actions Political Trust: Level of confidence people have in one another

power. Conclusion: Capitalis economies – to be bent on remorseless expansion, dictated by pursuit of profit. Political + social nights in an attempt to build legitimacy within such systems stimulated countervailing pressures. Charisma: “gift of grace” – source of the power that Jesus exerted over his disciplines. Socio political phenomenon – charm of personal power: capacity to establish leaderships through psychological power over others.

indischarging their civic responsabilities, crucially the confidence citizens have that politicians generally, and leaders in particular. By keeping their promises, carry out public duties property. Liberal Theory: Trust arisees through voluntary contracts that we uphold through mutual self-interest. Comunitarian theory: Trust is grounded in a sense of social duty and a common morality. Revolution-A popular uprising, involving extra-legal mass action, which brings about fundamental change (a change in the political system itself) as opposed to merely a change of policy or governing elite. Reform: Change brought about within a system, usually by peaceful and incremental measures; reform implies improvement.

2. Democratic Legitimacy The claim that a political organization is legitimate is therefore intrinsically linked to its claim to be democratic. The next main section examines competing models of democratic rule and debates how democracy operates in practice, but this section considers the nature of the link between democracy and legitimacy.

Non-Democratic Legitimacy – China One party elections – showing popular support, democratic facade regime. Ability to deliver – performance legitimacy. Ideological legitimation. Noncompetitive: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy Non-democratic Regyms: China Ideological Legitimation: party’s right to rule 3. Democracy These stem, most basically, from confusion over the nature of democracy. The origins of the term ‘democracy’ can be traced back to Ancient Greece. Like other words ending in ‘cracy’ (for example, autocracy, aristocracy and bureaucracy), demo cracy is derived from the Greek word kratos, meaning power, or rule. Democracy thus means ‘rule by the demos’ (the demos referring to ‘the people’, although the Greeks originally used this to mean ‘the poor’ or ‘the many’). Classical Democracy: Direct democracy, the only pure vision of popular participation. Athenian democracy or classical democracy refers to a direct democracy developed in ancient times in the Greek city-state of Athens. ... An industrial democracy is an arrangement which involves workers making decisions, sharing responsibility and authority in the workplace (see also workplace). Protective Democracy: Who will guard the guardians, 17 and



conflicting social philosophies and rival political movements and parties. It is characterized by a clear distinction between the state and civil society. This is maintained through the existence of autonomous groups and interests, and the market or

capitalist organization of economic life. It provides protection for minorites and individuals, particularly through the allocation of basic rights that safeguard them from the will of the majority. Pluralist View: Liberal democracy enables different interest



groups to articulate their demands. A pluralist democracy describes a political system where there is more than one center of power. Modern democracies are by definition pluralist as democracies allow freedom of association. However, pluralism may exist without democracy. Elitist View: Elitism developed as a critique of egalitarian ideas such as democracy and socialism. It draws attention to the fact of elite rule, either as an inevitable and desirable feature of social existence, or as a remediable and regrettable one. Desirable and regretable. Elite means the highest, the excellent, the best. Corporatist View: Organization of the socity by major interest/corporate groups. These groups compete to shape governmental policies. Corporate groups: business, agriculture, military.

18th century. Democracy is not a tool for participation but as tool for protection from the government. The desire to protect the individual from over-mighty government was expressed in perhaps the earliest of all democratic sentiments, Aristotle’s response to Plato: ‘who will guard the Guardians Developmental Democracy: Concern with development of the individual and the community. J.J rousseau – citizens are free only when they participate directly in shaping their life of their community. People’s Democracy: The term ‘people’s democracy’ is derived

Neo corporatism: governments economic management and intervention. Positive view: “corporate pluralism” Negative view: certain groups are always advantaged.

from the orthodox communist regimes that sprang up on the Soviet model in the aftermath of World War II. It is here used, however, to refer broadly to the various democratic models that the Marxist tradition has generated. Although they differ, these models offer a clear contrast to the more familiar liberal

economic power. In Marxist theory, a new democratic society will arise through the organised actions of an international working class enfranchising the entire population and freeing up humans to act without being bound by the labour market.

democratic ones. This form of democracy would be based on social equality brought by common ownership. Marx: the overthrow of capitalism would allow genuine democracy to flourish. Marxists perspective: seeing parliamentary democracy as a form of bourgeoisie domination But: Leninist democracynon democratic legitimation process. 4. Democracy in Practice: Rival Views How does democracy works? Liberal Democracy. Four central futures Indirect and representative Competition and elections Clear distinction between state and civil society Providing protection for minorities Interpretation of Liberal Democracy  Liberal democracy is an indirect and representative form

Cosmopolitan Democracy: 3 main ways of understanding: moral/liberal/socialist. The constraction of world parliament. Strengthening of global civil society. Cosmopolitan democracy is a political theory which explores the application of norms and values of democracy at the transnational and global sphere. It argues that global governance of the people, by the people, for the people is possible and needed Chapter 5: Government, Systems, and Regimes Government: refers to the institutional processes through which collective and usually binding desicion are made. Authoritarianism: Government from above without consent Dictatorship: A form of rule where absolute power is vested within and individual Based on arbitary and unchecked exercise of power Difference: The exercise of power not in the hand of one Authoritarianism can exist with democracy Dictatorship is absolute hyerarchy Totalitarianism: All encompassing political rule – politicizing all aspacts of life



of democracy, in that political office is gained through success in regular elections that are conducted on the basis of formal political equality. It is based on competition and electoral choice. These are achieved through political pluralism, tolerance of a wide range of contending beliefs, and the existence of

New-right view: Corporatism allows group to dominate and make demands on the state: government. More demands are coupled with government effort to meet election promises. Marxist view: political power reflects the distrubition of

Absolutism: Government cannot be constrained by a baby outside itself Regime: A set of arrangment and procedures for government that outline the location of authority and the nature of the policy process. Classical Typologies

The “three worlds” Typology Capitalist “first world”: Capitalist principles, such as the desirability of private enterprise, material incentives and the free market. This practised liberal-democratic policts based on a competitive struggle for power at election time. Communist “second world”: It was commited to “communist” values such as social equality, collective endeavour and the need for centralized plannings. These states were one-party states, dominated by “ruling” communist parties. Developing “third world”: The less-developed countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America were “third” which means that they were economically dependent and often suffered from widespread poverty. This is also was underpinned by a bipolar world order. Regimes of the Modern World Who rules? How is compliance achieved? Is government power centralized or gramented? How is government power acquired and transferred? What is the balance between the state and the individual? Illiberal Democracies; Electoral authoritariarism Moderate authoritarianism Hybrid regimes New democracies Transition countries democracies Main characteristic: Emocratically elected governments ignoring constitutional limits on their power and depriving citizens from basic rights and freedoms Regular elections Personalized leadership Political and civil rights suppressed Disposition towards majoritarianism, intolerance towards pluralism Key Regime Features: Western Polyarchies: These regimes are broadly equivalent to regimes categorized as “liberal democracies” or even simply democracities. Theri hearthlands are therefore North America, western Europe and Australasia. Definition: In Western European political science, the term polyarchy (poly "many", arkhe "rule") was used by Robert Dahl to describe a form of government in which power is invested in multiple people. It takes the form of neither a dictatorship nor a democracy.

New Democracies: It also broadly presents some new evidence from data on the link between democratic transitions and trade policy across the developing world. East Asian Regimes: Political cultures influenced by confucian ideas and values Orientation towards economic goals Broad support for “strong governmen” – state as the father figure High respect for leaders because of confucian stress on loyalty Emphasis on community and family Exemples: Taiwan, Japan, North Korea, partially China (agriculture societ), Malaysia, Singapore Islamic Regimes Political Islam – Ranging from fundamentalist(Iran, Saudi Arabia) to pluralist(Malaysia) extremes Military Regimes Leading past filled by people in the military command Normal constitutional land institutional -

arrengements suspended Opposition institutions(parliament, the media) either weakened or abolished Chapter 6: Nation and Nationalism Nation: A large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory. Culturally – common language, traditions, common religion and history Politically – bond of citizenship, regarding oneself as part of a common political community Psychologically Varieties of Nationlism Liberal Nationalism: Positive view of nationalism, it can be seen as the classic form of European liberalism; it dates back to the -

French Revolution, and embodies many of its values. It generally is based on the fundamental assumption that humankind is naturally divided into a collection of nations, each possessed of a separrate identity. It proclaims that each and every nation has a right to freedom and self-determination. Nationalism is not only means of enlarging political freedom, but also a mechanism for securing a peaceful and stable world order. Concervative Nationalism: National conservatism is a variant of conservatism common in Europe and Asia that concentrates on upholding national and cultural identity, while mixing conservative elements with purely nationalist ones. It tends to develop in established nation-states rather than in those that are in the process of nation-building. Although it has been linked to military adventurism and expansion, its distinctive character is that it is inward-looking and insular. Expensionist Nationalism: Expansionist nationalism is an aggressive and radical form of nationalism that incorporates autonomous, patriotic sentiments with a belief in expansionism or recovering formerly owned territories. It is aggressive, militaristic. National Superiorty, Yugoslav Wars – Great Serbia with a glorious past Nazi Germany – Choosen people Anticolonial Nationalism: Anti-colonial nationalism occurs where the diverse peoples in a colony come together (for example across tribal and other social boundaries) and decide

that - they have a common national identity; and. they can rule themselves better than their colonial masters In the developing world WWII and after political and economic emansipation Based on Socialism, Marxism, Leninism later replaced by regilious fundamentalism, Emerged out of Europe to replace western India, South Africa – Ghandi’s resistance against them Fight for independence to emancipate themselves Marx was against the nationalism. Chapter 7: Political Economy Types of political economy: 1. State-centric political economy: 15th centuriies developed out of mercantilism “economic nationalism” State power shaping economic marrets. Protectionism – protecting small industries from competition. Agressive – strenghthening the economy to provide the basis for wars and expansion. Classical political economy: 18th and 19th centuries continuing Unregulated market economy free trade on liberal assumptions that human beings are rational and self interested. Based on classical liberalism, market should be left on their own. Marxist political economy: 19th century. Burgeoisie eploitation of the proletanal inevitably to crisis. By default build the economy this idea. 2. Variities of capitalism Enterprise capitalism: American business model. Liberal capitalism / classical political economy type. Market is self-regulation mechanism “Laissez faire” eloctrine – Adam Smith Since the 1980 – neoliberalism Weak trade unions Unregulated economy Profit driven business. Maximization of profit Private ownership of productive wealth Wage labour Economic left organized based on market princaples Social capitalism: State intervention should protect small business industries, trade unions, worker groups, vulnerable groups in the society. Social Market = market competition + social cohesion The protection groups who are vulnerable because certain groups become more and more wealthy, others poorer. State need to tax more increase for budget. State Capitalism: Japan, Asian Tigers, Taiwan, Singapore, Korea, Hong-Kong. Chinese capitalism, russion capitalism. Authoratiraion capitalist model no liberalism in there. The state guiding investment basis on long-term cooperative relationship between employer and employee. Alternatives to Capitalism State socialism: State socialism is a classification for any socialist political and economic perspective advocating state ownership

of the means of production either as a temporary measure in the transition from capitalism to socialism, or as characteristic of socialism itself. Market Socialism: "Market Socialism is an economic system in which the means of production are owned either by the state or by the workers in each company (meaning in general that "profits" in each company are distributed between them: profit sharing) and the production is not centrally planned but mediated through the market Green Economics: While interest in socialist alternatives to capitalism has declined (temporarily or otherwise), greater interest has focused on ecological, or green, alternatives. From the green perspective, capitalism and socialism are merely different manifestations of the same ‘super-ideology’ of industrialism.The gre...