PR1- Module-5 - Lecture notes 1 PDF

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Practical Research 1Quarter 2 – Module 5:Understanding Data and Ways toSystematically Collect DataDepartment of Education ● Republic of the PhilippinesThis Instructional material is collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We...

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Practical Research 1 Quarter 2 – Module 5: Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

This Instructional material is collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback., comments and recommendations to the Department of Education at [email protected]

We value your feedback and recommendations. developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and universities. We encourage teachers and other education stake holders to email there feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action @deped.gov.ph

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

What I need to Know? It deals with understanding of qualitative research design. It describes the principle about description of sample, data collection, and analysis, procedures in data collection such as survey, interview and observation. It also involves the application of imaginative research related principles to create an output. This module has the following lessons: Lesson 1 - Qualitative Research Design Lesson 2 - Description of Sampling and Data Collection Lesson 3 - Analysis of Procedures such as Survey, Interview and Observation Lesson 4 - Application of Creative Design Principles for Execution What you are expected to learn? After going through this module, you are able and expected to: 1. Chooses appropriate qualitative research design 2. Describes sampling procedure and sample 3. Plans data collection and analysis procedures 4. Presents written research methodology 5. Utilizes materials and techniques to produce creative work How to learn this module? Before exploring this module, remember to do the following tips to achieve successfully the objectives of this self-learning material. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Read and comprehend the lessons. Read and follow instructions carefully. Answer first the pre-test before you start the lesson. Take note and record points for clarifications. Perform any activities presented in the lesson diligently and honestly 6. Answer the post-test to measure how much you have gained from the topics.

What I know (Pre-test) Answer the pre-test to measure how much you know about the topic. Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. 1. Which of the following statements described ethnography?

a.

a. Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies, institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods b. It is an approach that generates and modifies a theory. c. Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as a group. d. understanding of an individual’s experience for the same person’s realistic dealings with hard facts of life 2. It refers to a sampling method which requires selection of a starting point for the sample and sample size that can be repeated at regular intervals? a. Simple Random Sampling c. Systematic Sampling b. Cluster Sampling d. Stratified Random Sampling 3. Instructors teaching research methods are interested in knowing what study techniques their students are utilizing. Rather than assessing all students, the researchers randomly select 10 students from each of the sections to comprise their sample. What sampling method do you think would be the best fit to use? a. Cluster Sampling c. Systematic Sampling b. Simple Random Sampling d. Stratified Random Sampling 4. Say you were interested in sampling students who deal drugs on campus. What sampling technique could you use to build this sample? a. cluster sampling c.quota sampling b. purposive sampling d snowball sampling 5.The following statements described Structured Interview EXCEPT: a.Additional questions might be asked during interviews to clarify and expand certain issues b.Data analysis seems to be straightforward c.Consist of series of pre-determined questions d.Can compare and contrast different answers given to the same questions 6. Which of the following is TRUE about self-completion survey? a.Allows more data to be gathered b.More expensive than other methodologies c.Interviewers can reduce non-response by answering respondents queries concern d.allow respondents time to consider their answers, refer to records or consult with others 7. It described as Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies, institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods a. narrative inquiry c. ethnography b. case study d.ground theory 8. Which of the following statement is true about systematic sampling a. groups can be organized and then draw a sample from each group separately b. members of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of a population

c. researchers divide the entire population into sections that represent a population d. each individual has the exact same probability of being chosen to be a part of a sample. 9. It refers to an observational method which involves studies of mechanical recording or the recording by some of the other means like photographic or electronic a. Structured observation c. Indirect method b. Covert observations d. objective observation. 10. It defined as is a technique of gathering data whereby you personally watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of yours.” a. object c. survey b. observation d. interview

Lesson

1

Qualitative Research Design

After having a research problem and hypothesis, you need to make an outline of your research. This blueprint is what we called research design. Research Design is a type of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach that provides specific direction for procedures. Others have called them strategies of inquiry (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011). It also includes collection of data, research timeline and respondents used.

What’s In? In the previous lesson, you learned the importance of knowing and writing Literature Review. You also learned ethical issues upon emerging into research. In this next lesson, it will focus on types and characteristics of a qualitative research design. What is good in this type of research is that it is open and flexible allowing researchers modify their design so easy.

What’s New? Activity 5.1.1 Do the following Think of a topic that has in your mind and imagine a portrait/painting as product of your interest then answer the ff question: • Why the topic is seems interesting for you? • How will you achieve the product of your painting? • List down you objectives and plans of achieving it

What is it? The following are types of Qualitative Research Design which could be used as technique in collecting and analyzing data: 1. Case Study - Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies, institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods. It investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context. Advantages: • More understanding on complex issue • Apply variety of methodologies and sources to investigate a research problem. • Extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. • Most widely used by social scientists to examine contemporary real-life situations and provide the basis for the application of concepts • It can provide detailed descriptions of specific and rare cases. Disadvantages: • Intense exposure to the study may bias a researcher's interpretation of the findings • Design does not facilitate assessment of cause and effect relationships. • Vital information may be missing, making the case hard to interpret • The case may not be representative or typical of the larger problem being investigated. Example: In the study of Acosta, Imee and Alexander Acosta(2016) entitled “SEEING THROUGH A MAGNIFYING LENS: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY OF K-12 READINESS OF FACULTY MEMBERS FROM HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES”, adoption of the 12-year program of formal basic education. This is the readiness of college faculty members on how to deal the transition years of having no enrolees in college since high school were being added with 2 years more. This research provides a real-life understanding on the issue of k-12 implementation on education.

2.Ethnography -Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as a group. It also involves their beliefs, values and attitudes. Example: In the study of Peter Gill (2008) entitled “THE EVERYDAY LIVES OF MEN: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF YOUNG ADULT MALE IDENTITY” wherein constructing the issue of men’s identities, men’s health and well-being .The researcher describe in details the ways which masculinities were observed every day. The researcher took two years as participant in observing the pattern within the two groups engaging men’s social worlds, belongingness and sex relationships.

3.Ground Theory - It is a development of theory directly based and grounded in data collected by the researcher. It is an approach that generates and modifies a theory. Example: Ilagan, Perla R. (2011) acquired an in depth understanding of the meaning of intimate partner violence from the perceptions of Filipino men and women. A sample consisted of 37 Filipino women and 2 Filipino men who were recruited from a Barangay Center (Health Center) in Manila, Philippines. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The interviews were open-ended, in-depth, and audio-taped. The description of the study participants was provided by the quantitative-descriptive data. Constant comparison method was used in categorizing the narrative data and in examining the data for examples of similar cases and themes. The study revealed a rich and contextualized overview that lay a foundation for understanding the perceptions and experiences of Filipino women and men living with intimate partner violence. The data point to recurrent themes of poverty, gambling, alcohol and drug use, poor communication skills, jealousy and philandering. Violation of the dignity of a person that brought with it children as victims was implicated in the cycle of violence.

4. Narrative Inquiry -These are tales of experience or imagination and come naturally to human beings. Example: In the study of Theresa Andrea Nugent(2007) entitled “A NARRATIVE INQUIRY OF TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS REGARDING THEIR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES”, it describes what is happening or not from the viewpoint of the classroom teacher towards their teaching experience to their students output. In this research, teachers then reflect how they applied their learning to support student outcomes, the support that students received and the barriers encountered. So in this research, there are stories constructed by the researcher, respondents and the reader.

5. Phenomenology -A phenomenon is something you experience on Earth as a person. It is a sensory experience that makes you perceive or understand things that naturally occur in your life such as death, joy, friendship, care giving, defeat, victory, and the like. -Comparing to ethnography, phenomenology aims at getting a thorough understanding of an individual’s experience for the same person’s realistic dealings with hard facts of life. Ethnography aims at defining, describing or portraying a certain group of people possessing unique cultural traits. Example: Vapor, Victor Rey Cui (2009) explored a new Philippine phenomenon that emerged involving Filipino physicians who went back to school to take up nursing in the Philippines in order to migrate to foreign countries to work as nurses. The purpose of his study was to describe and to interpret the lived experiences of Filipino physician-turned nurses in the United States. Phenomenology was used as research design, with data obtained from a purposive sample of eight (8) self-identified physician-turned nurses in Las Vegas, Nevada. Participants were interviewed using a single, open-ended central question. The audio taped responses that described their lived experiences were eventually transcribed verbatim. To interpret their experiences, clusters of themes were then generated using the Colaizzi's (1978) method of Phenomenological Inquiry. The results of the study revealed that the experiences of Filipino physician-turned nurses involved multidimensional issues, both in the contexts of emigration and a professional shift from physician to nurse. Being the first of its kind, this study will enlighten society of the lived experiences of Filipino physicians who

compromise professional integrity by working as nurses just to emigrate to the United States. Furthermore, this research study will contribute to the existing literature on cross-cultural adaptation, particularly involving role compromise in an unfamiliar social and cultural context. Source: Sanders, "Application Of Colaizzi‘S Method: Interpretation Of An Auditable Decision Trail By A Novice Researcher

What’s More? Activity 5.1.2 Do the following

Classify the following list of research topics according to the 5 types of qualitative research design: 1. Perception of Filipino Women and Men on Intimate Partner Violence 2. Social Responsibility: Perceived Successful Student Leadership Experience 3. Study of Experiences of Helping Professionals With Learning Disabilities 4. Research among Drinking Youth Cultures: Reflections From Observing Participants 5. Gender and Climate Change Finance 6. Being There: Study of Student Perceptions of Instructor Presence in Online Classes 7. Leadership Journeys: Research Study exploring women school superintendent’s meaning-making of Leadership 8. Child Protection and Maltreatment in the Philippines: A Systematic Review of the Literature 9. The Kinship of Everyday Need: Relatedness and Survival in a Philippine Fishing Community 10. Biographical Research of Teacher’s Experiences of Supportive Relationships with Colleagues

What I have Learned? Activity 5.1.3

Continuing the inquiry on the different research designs, the next step will be the key to identifying a particular research design. The students will answer the following questions: 1. If I could discover the reason behind a school‘s experience with organizational development, I would ask . (Case Study) 2. If I could discover the shared lived experiences of one quality or phenomenon in others, I would want to know about . (Phenomenology) 3. If I could experience a different culture by living/ observing it, I would choose to experience . (Ethnography) 4. If I could discover what actually occurred and was experienced in a single lived event, that event would be . (Case Study) 5. If I could discover a theory for a single phenomenon of living as shared by others, I would choose to discover the theory of . (Grounded Theory)

What I can Do? Activity 5.1.4 Identify the strength and weakness of the types of research Designs Design

Strength

Weakness

Lesson

2

Description of Sampling and Data Collection

Data Collection is very important in the aspect of research. Researcher should choose the proper sampling method to answer what was asked in the research problem. According to Alicia Tuovila(2020), sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of observations taken in larger population. The methodology used to sample from a larger population depends on the type of analysis being performed.

What’s In? In lesson 1, you enabled to understand the nature of qualitative design. Deeper understanding of the different types of this design helped you led in gathering information for your research. In this particular lesson, you will learn the methods of sampling for you to provide the possible answers of your research problem.

What’s New? Activity 5.2.1 Analyze the following:

George put some cards into a basket. Then he drew 3 cards out from the basket. Is this a random sample of the cards in the basket? Why or why not? Source: https://www.mathworksheetsland.com/7/27randsamp/lesson.pdf

What is it? Types of Sampling: Sampling Methods 1. Probability Sampling - is a sampling technique in which sample from a larger population are chosen using a method based on the theory of probability. For instance, a population of 1000 members, each of these members will have 1/1000 chances of being selected to be a part of a sample. It gets

rid of bias in the population and gives a fair chance to all members to be included in the sample. a. Simple Random Sampling – method of collecting data where every single member of a population is chosen randomly, merely by chance and each individual has the exact same probability of being chosen to be a part of a sample. b. Cluster Sampling – a method where the researchers divide the entire population into sections or clusters that represent a population. Clusters are identified and included in a sample on the basis of defining demographic parameters such as age, location, sex etc. c. Systematic Sampling - a method where members of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of a population. It requires selection of a starting point for the sample and sample size that can be repeated at regular intervals. This type of sampling method has a predefined interval and hence this sampling technique is the least time-consuming. d. Stratified Random Sampling - a method where the population can be divided into smaller groups, that don’t overlap but represent the entire population together. While sampling, these groups can be organized and then draw a sample from each group separately. 2. Non-probability Sampling - is reliant on a researcher’s ability to select members at random. This sampling method is not a fixed or pre-defined selection process which makes it difficult for all elements of a population to have equal opportunities to be included in a sample. a. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling -is the most common sampling strategy. In this type of sampling, participants are selected or sought based on pre-selected criteria based on the research question. For example, the study may be attempting to collect data from lymphoma patients in a particular city or county. The sample size may be predetermined or based on theoretical saturation, which is the point at which the newly collected data no longer provides additional insights. b. Quota Sampling - is a sampling technique whereby participant quotas are preset prior to sampling. Typically, the researcher is attempting to gather data from a certain number of participants that meet certain characteristics that may include things such as age, sex, class, marital status, HIV status, etc. For example , a cigarette company wants to find out what age group prefers what brand of cigarettes in a particular city. He/she applies quotas on the age groups of 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51+. From this information, the researcher gauges the smoking trend among the population of the city. c. Snowball Sampling - is also known as chain referral sampling. In this method, the participants refer the researcher to others who may be able to potentially contribute or participate in the study. This method often

helps researchers find and recruit participants that may otherwise be hard to reach.

What’s More? Activity 5.2.2 In each of the following examples, identify the Sampling Methods being Used: 1. A sample of 2,000 was sought to estimate the average achievement in science of fifth graders in a city’s public schools. The average fifth grade enrolment in the city’s elementary schools is 100 students. Thus, 20 schools were randomly selected and within each of those schools all fifth graders were tested. 2. A researcher is interested in maximum-security inmates. She group inmates by the type of crime committed, determine the percentage of the total in each crime category, and uses that percentage to determine the number of inmates randomly selected from each group. 3. A soc...