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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1Quarter 1 - Module 4Quantitative and Qualitative ResearchSHSPractical Research 1 Quarter 1 – Module 4 – Quantitative and Qualitative ResearchRepublic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior app...

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Quarter 1 - Module 4 Quantitative and Qualitative Research

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Practical Research 1 Quarter 1 – Module 4 – Quantitative and Qualitative Research Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module Writer: Jenny M. Buenconsejo Editor: Rolando Montealegre Illustrator: Jason C. Borabo Layout Artist: Atty. Catherine B. Panti Reviewers: Lany M. Abainza and MASBATE CITY DIVISION (headed by Jeanette M. Romblon)

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MODULE 4 Quantitative and Qualitative Researc Hello! In today’s lesson we are going to identify and understand the differences between the Quantitative and Qualitative research designs. It is important for a student-researcher like you to know which of these approaches is the most appropriate for your study by learning the fundamental characteristics of each design. Are you ready? Let’s start!

Specifically, after finishing this module, you should be able to differentiate qualitative from quantitative research.

YOUR READINESS CHECK Let us first try identifying which of the following characteristics belong to Quantitative and Qualitative research. Directions: Read and analyze each item. Write QL if it is a characteristic of Qualitative Research and QN for Quantitative. Write your answers on your notebook. ______1. This design seeks to confirm a hypothesis about some phenomena – What? and How many? ______2. It is a systematic subjective approach to describe life experiences and give them meaning. ______3. This research is highly structured and uses statistical tools to gather and interpret data. ______4. It seeks to explore, explain and understand some phenomena – What? and Why? ______5. This design asks close ended questions and examine cause and effect relationships.

.

Hey there! Were you able to identify most of the items above? If yes, then that’s great! But if not, there’s no need to worry. I will guide and help you throughout this lesson and provide you with other tasks to sharpen your knowledge.

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YOUR VOCABULARY BUILDER Directions: For this task, you may want to have your word list ready with you. Look at the following terms below which you may encounter in this lesson. See what they mean using your dictionary. Write them on your notebook.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

holistic statistical hypothesis deductive narrative

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__________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________

Good job! You are now ready to learn more about the concepts and characteristics of the different research designs used in a study. Good luck!

YOUR INITIAL TASKS

A. Directions: Look at the illustration. Can you tell which situation follows the qualitative and which one falls under the quantitative approach? And why. IMAGE A

IMAGE B

SOURCE: Matt Lavoie, A Crash Course in UX Design Research, https://uxdesign.cc/a-crash-course-in-ux-design-research

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1. Image A is ______________________ design because, ___________________________ ______________________________________________________________________.

2. Image B is ______________________ design because, ___________________________ ______________________________________________________________________.

Now, by analyzing your given answers, did you consider how the questions were asked in each panel? Do you think that these questions fall under a certain research design? Let’s find out.

YOUR GUIDE

To come up with a good research, a good research design is needed. The type of research would depend on the purpose of writing the research. There are two broad categories of research methodology: qualitative and quantitative research. The research method determines the approach the researcher takes in identifying relevant data for the research and collecting and analyzing the information gathered in the research. Choosing either a quantitative or qualitative approach will affect the components of the research. For instance, a researcher may choose to undertake a scientific research. If he or she takes a qualitative approach, the goal of the study will be to discuss and analyze the underlying concepts and theories related to the research topic. If the researcher chooses a quantitative approach, he or she will use statistical data to provide an explanation of the phenomenon.Now, let us understand the two main categories of research design. SOURCE: http://lightbulbcartoon.com/Research

Polit and Beck (2004) define quantitative research as “the traditional positivist scientific method which refers to a general

What is QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?

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set of orderly, disciplined procedures to acquire information.” In their book, Nursing Research Principles and Methods, they explain that the research method utilizes deductive reasoning to generate predictions that are tested in the real world. It is systematic since the researcher progresses logically through a series of steps, according to a pre specified plan of action. Quantitative research is “explaining phenomenon by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics).” (Aliaga and Gunderson, 2005; Skills YouNeed.com, 2017) This design is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors and other defined variables – and generalize results from a larger sample population. In addition, quantitative approach uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research. The quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls and systematic observations. (Wyse, 2011) However, this design has its disadvantages as well. Quantitative is considered to be limiting when it comes to studying the complex and diverse minds of human beings. This is because this approach can only explain a small fraction of the human experience (e.g., behavioral impulses and varying personal preferences). In quantitative research, these human complexities are usually controlled or removed entirely instead of being analyzed. The inflexible and narrow vision of quantitative research tends to present the human experience in a restricted manner.

What is QUALITATIVE RESEARCH? Qualitative research is concerned with nonstatistical methods of inquiry and analysis of social phenomena. It draws on an inductive process in which themes and categories emerge through an analysis of data collected by such techniques as interviews, observations, videotapes and case studies. Samples are usually small and are often purposively selected. SOURCE: Rohin Otieno, Determining the Balance of Quantitative and Qualitative Data: The use of Mixed Methods, Pulse /Linked In

This design seeks to answer questions about why and how people behave in the way that they do. It provides in-depth information about human behavior (SkillsYouNeed.com, 2017). It is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or 4

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hypotheses for potential quantitative research. It is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques. Some common methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews and participation/observations. The sample size is typically small and respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota. (Wyse, 2011) Qualitative research is an inductive, subjective process of inquiry done in a natural setting in order to build a complex, holistic picture, described in words, including the detailed views of the informants are reported in informal, personal language. (Tabinas, 2014)

Comparison Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Definition

Goals

Characteristics

Qualitative a systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning.

Quantitative a formal, objective, systematic process for obtaining information about the world. A method used to describe, test relationships and examine cause and effect relationships.

To gain insight; explore the depth, richness and complexity inherent in the phenomenon.

To test relationships, describe, examine cause and effect relations.

Seeks to explore, explain and understand some phenomena – What? and Why?

Seeks to confirm a hypothesis about some phenomena – What? and How many?

Soft Science

Hard Science

Focus: complex and broad

Focus: concise and narrow

Holistic

Reductionist

Subjective

Objective

Dialectic, inductive reasoning

Logistic, deductive reasoning

Basis of knowing: meaning and discovery

Basis of knowing: cause and effect, relationships

Develops theory (Theory Emergent)

Tests theory (Theory Testing)

Shared interpretation

Control

Methods: less structured; Data gathered through interviews, observations, content analysis, etc.

Highly structured methods: Data gathered through the use of tools, equipment, questionnaires, etc.

Communication and observation

Instruments

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Asks open-ended questions in an effort to explore

Asks closed-ended questions that give quantifiable answers

Data provided as a narrative, pictures, or objects

Data is in the form of numbers and statistical results

Basic element of analysis: words

Basic element of analysis: numbers

Individual interpretation

Statistical analysis

Results may be presented subjectively – may reveal biases, values or experiences that impact how the results are interpreted

Results are documented using objective language

Uniqueness

Generalization

Congratulations! You now learned the very important concepts of the qualitative and quantitative research designs. Let us try to sharpen your knowledge for better comprehension.

YOUR DISCOVERY TASKS Activity 1: Am I Right? Directions: For this task, read and comprehend each statement. Write YES if it is correct and change the underlined word/s if not. Write your answers on your notebook. _________1. Quantitative research uses non-statistical methods to gather and interpret data. _________2. Qualitative research asks close-ended questions in interviews. _________3. Qualitative research aims to explore and explain a phenomenon in study. _________4. Quantitative design’s goal is to test and confirm a hypothesis in the research. _________5. Qualitative research is concise and broad compared to quantitative research.

Activity 2: What Am I? Directions: Study the table below and try to fill in the missing characteristics of qualitative and quantitative research based on their counterparts. Write your answers on your notebook.

QUANTITATIVE

QUALITATIVE

1.

subjective 6

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2.

deductive reasoning 3.

theory emergent 4.

closed-ended questions 5.

uniqueness reductionist

6.

numbers

7.

8.

seeks to confirm a hypothesis 9.

Highly structured 10.

meaning and discovery

Activity 3: Mixed Up Directions: Rearrange the jumbled letters to identify the missing term in the following statements. Write your answers on your notebook.

1. A quantitative design is a deductive and objective process of inquiry which uses mathematical procedures to make ___________________ and reported in formal language. S

L

T

A

E

G

A

I

I

N

Z

O

N

O

R

E

2. Qualitative research is primarily ________________ research. O

A

T

P

E

Y

R

L

X

3. Quantitative design asks objective questions that give ______________ answers. U

T

I

E

N

Q

A

7

I

A

L

B

F

R

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4. Qualitative data collection methods vary using ________________or _______________ techniques. T

D

N

E

U

C

R

T

U

U

S

R

5. (Please refer to statement 4 to answer this) I

S

M

E

-

E

C

D

U

T

R

U

S

R

T

Excellent job! You were able to complete all the activities provided to sharpen your comprehension in this lesson.

LET’S SUM IT UP 1. There are two main types of research design – Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research. 2. Quantitative research is a systematic approach in studying a phenomenon which utilizes highly structured statistical methods to gather and analyze the data. It has an objective perspective in data collection and seeks to confirm a hypothesis. This research is widely used in the different branches of science (natural science, physical science, Earth science, social science, etc.). In addition, Quantitative approach uses a large number of samples and generate results that represent the population. 3. Qualitative research focus on the “What” and “Why” of a phenomenon. It seeks to explore, explain and give meaning to human behavior and experiences and how beings perceive the world. This design uses a small number of samples and highlights the uniqueness and richness of data gathered from the population. 4. Researchers must be able to choose and use the appropriate approach in his/her study in order to arrive at valid results. Quantitative and Qualitative research methods possess specific characteristics suited to study a certain phenomenon, therefore, making the data collection, interpretation and analysis more manageable and factual.

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YOUR FINAL TASKS A. Directions: Read the following examples and decide whether the statement can be studied using Quantitative or Qualitative research. Write QN for Quantitative and QL for Qualitative. Write your answers on your notebook. _______1. Maria wanted to find out the why some children frequently misbehaves. _______2. Drinking two tablets of paracetamol is more effective than one. _______3. A business owner wants to know if his company is performing well compared to his competitors. _______4. Coping mechanisms when losing a loved one _______5. How much water is absorbed by different brands of tissue? B. Directions: From what you learned in the discussion, cite the difference between quantitative from qualitative research. Write your answer on your notebook.

YOUR REINFORCER Directions: On a drawing paper, draw an object which you think best describe/represent the two research designs you’ve learned – Qualitative and Quantitative. You may use coloring materials to highlight certain aspects of your illustration. Have fun! QUALITATIVE

QUANTITATIVE

YOUR REFLECTION/S What are the new things I’ve learned today? How can I apply them in daily life? Write them in 3-4 sentences on your notebook.

Outstanding! I knew you could it! You are now ready for the next adventure. See you again next time!

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REFERENCES:

Cristobal, A. P. & Cristobal M. C. D. (2017). Practical research for senior high school. Quezon City, Manila: C & E Publishing, Inc. Jerusalem, V. L., Garcia, M. D. R., Palencia, J. M. & Palencia, M. M. (2017). Practical Research 1: Basics of qualitative research. Sampaloc, Manila: Fastbooks

Matira, M. D. (2016). Practical research for the 21st Century Learners. Sampaloc, Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc.

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ANSWER KEY

Your Discovery Tasks

Your Reinforcer

Activity 1: Am I Right? 1. statistical 2. open-ended 3. Yes 4. Yes 5. complex

Rubric: 5 points - Creativity 7 points - Relevance 3 points – Originality/Neatness Total: 15 points

Activity 2: What Am I? 1. objective 2. inductive reasoning 3. theory testing/testing hypothesis 4. open-ended questions 5. generalization 6. holistic 7. words/narrative 8. seeks to confirm a hypothesis 9. less structured 10. cause and effect, relationships Activity 3: Mixed Up 1. Generalization 2. Exploratory 3. Quantifiable 4. Unstructured 5. Semi-Structured YOUR FINAL TASKS A. 1. QL 2. QN 3. QN 4. QL 5. QN B. Rubric 15 pts. – Full Accomplishment Students were able to cite differences/comparison between Quantitative and Qualitative Research in a clear and consistent manner. 10 pts. – Substantial Accomplishment Students were able to cite differences/comparison between Quantitative and Qualitative Research in a somewhat consistent manner. 5 pts. – Little to Partial Accomplishment Students have pronounced difficulty or were barely able to write their answers.

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