Practicals Notes PDF

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Summary

These notes are useful during practical examinations wherein the students will be asked to make the pharmaceutical products themselves. It includes the ingredients, the formulation and some patient counselling advice. ...

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Ferrous sulfate syrup – TX FOR ANEMIA Syrup should be self-preserving (85% sugar) – has osmotic effect (kills microbes) Ferrous sulfate concentration of syrup is not enough to self-preserve (add citric acid) Syrup thickens preparation 1. Add everything together, combined liquid then add powder materials through geometric dilution 1. Filter after Patient counselling   

iron is given to patients who are pregnant or menstruating ferrous salts can cause constipation and stool dark in color ferrous salt can chelate (do not use chelating agent)

IDEAL: Syrups should be clear, have a certain flow (not to runny, not too viscous), has certain smell Ferrous sulfate (2.4) Sucrose (49.5) Water (60ml) Peppermint spirit (0.12) Citric acid (0.126)

API Syrup Syrup Flavorant Preservative

Peppermint oil: o o o

Peppermint – 0.2ml Ethanol – 1.7ml Water – 0.1 ml

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Glycerin Suppositories - LAXATIVE Glycerin (26 g) Sodium stearate (2.6g) Water (1.4 mL)

API, suppository base Stiffening agent Render consistency, used to cool down suppository

1. pour into mold in excess because suppositories contract upon cooling 2. do not heat glycerin too much or it will form acrolein (rapid expiry) 3. Patient counselling   

glycerin suppositories do not need refrigeration o only refrigerate oleaginous suppositories (cocoa butter) hygroscopic (store in cool dry place) you can cut the suppository but only lengthwise (NOT CROSSWISE) because it is tapered at the end

 

glycerin is used as a laxative (not to be used at bedtime) must be dipped into water to prevent stinging effect

IDEAL: Suppositories must be clear, free of air bubbles Zinc Oxide Paste - COUNTERIRRITANT Zinc oxide (5g) Starch (5g) White petrolatum (10g)     

used for burns, API stiffening agent base

Zinc oxide and starch is triturated separately to effectively decrease particle size Must be impalpable Zinc oxide can stain clothes Stiff, cannot be applied on areas with hair because it will solidify Pastes stay in place: o Antibiotic pastes are good because they stay in place

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Whitfield’s ointment – TOPICAL ANTIFUNGAL AND KERATOLYTIC Benzoic acid (0.6 g) Salicylic acid (0.3 g) Wool fat (1.5 g) White petrolatum (8 g)

Antifungal Keratolytic Emulsifying agent Ointment base

Wool fat (lanolin) – helps solubilizing some ingredients  

Can add Titanium dioxide as a colorant or opaquant to make it more appealing to the eye o Add just a moderate amount because too much TiO2 is powder; it may become a paste Salicylic acid helps benzoic acid go into the skin to kill any kind of fungal infection

Patient counselling    

Ask patient if he/she is allergic to aspirin/acetylsalicylic acid because they may also be allergic to salicylic acid in this ointment Do not cover the skin after applying. Let it air-dry Use it for the prescribed duration

Petrolatum Rose Water Ointment – MOISTURIZER, MAKEUP REMOVER White wax (2.4) Sodium borate (0.1) Mineral oil (11.2) Cetyl esters wax (2.5)

Source of cerotic acid (emulsifying agent) Sodium ions react with cerotic acid to form sodium cerotate (stabilizes emulsion) Vehicle Stiffening agent

Water (3.3) solvent  w/o emulsion  cold cream  produces oily water on the top, water wont evaporate on skin and so it accumulates on the top of the skin (moisturizing the skin)  reduce amount of cetyl esters wax to improve flow IDEAL: must have cooling effect, should be easier to wash off compared to petrolatum, ointment and paste, and must not be too runny Patient counselling   

tell the purpose (used as makeup remover, moisturizer) Has its own BUD, follow BUD or beyond use date (30 days)

Effervescent granules – ANTACID, HEARTBURN TX Sodium bicarbonate (3.4g) Tartaric acid (2g) Citric acid (1g) Distilled water (sprinkle)

API, carminating agent Acidifying agent, Prevents stickiness Acidifying agent, prevents crumbling solvent

1. Triturate together 2. Sprinkle water in small amounts to form a cake-like mixture a. Do not add too much to prevent premature effervescence 3. Do not use a sieve size that’s too small, smaller particles make it effervesce 4. Must be placed in moisture-resistant packaging Patient counselling      

Used as an antacid, treatment for heartburn and temp relief of ulcer Drink while it is effervescing Must be dissolved in water Sodium may cause the patients to become bloated, may raise blood pressure (inform patients with heart conditions) Contraindicated for patients with sodium restriction...