Title | Pre AP biology final exam Review KEY spring 2014 |
---|---|
Author | Juan Huertas |
Course | Fundamentals Of Biology: Human Biology Lecture |
Institution | Baruch College CUNY |
Pages | 17 |
File Size | 1.1 MB |
File Type | |
Total Downloads | 33 |
Total Views | 142 |
notes...
Your Pre AP biology final exam review KEY:
I. Biomolecules: Organic or inorganic? How do you tell?_organic compounds contain carbon__ Categorize organic or inorganic: Inorganic
Inorganic
Organic
Organic
What are the 4 classes of compounds? _carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, protein_ How can you tell the difference between Carbohydrates and everything else? Carbs have C:H:O in a 1:2:1: ratio Lipids and everything else? _Lipids have C:H:O but not in any predicable ratio_ Proteins and everything else? Proteins have C, H, O and N but no P Nucleic acids and everything else? Nucleic Acids have C, H, O, P, and N What kind of bond holds together Carbohydrates – glycosidic linkage Lipids – Ester linkages Nucleic acids - phosphodiester bonds Proteins – peptide bonds
Starch - carbohydrate
Hair - protein
DNA – nucleic acid
Cellulose – carbohydrate
Plant cell walls – carbohydrate
Enzymes - proteins
Organic product of photosynthesis carbohydrate
protein
car bohydrates
Carbohydrate
Component of cell membrane lipid if it’s the phospholipid or cholesterol Protein if it’s a transport, channel or surface marker Nucleic acid
Hemoglobin protein
Lipid Nucleic acid
Structure Solid at room temp
Unsaturated fat Double bonds, bends in the carbon chain No
Saturated fat No double bonds, no bends in carbon chain yes
Butter, lard Plant oils such as olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil How many different amino acids are possible? __20 What determines the order of the amino acids in your proteins? ___ DNA____ Examples
II. Cells:
Prokaryote Smaller Older No No membrane bound organelles, does have ribosomes Bacteria
Size Age Nucleus Organelles
Examples
Eukaryote Larger Younger Yes Mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, ER All but bacteria
Part Nucleus
Function Holds the DNA, control center of the cell
Part Smooth ER
Function Transport in the cell, detoxifying and making lipids and cell membranes
Cytoplasm
Space inside a cell between cell membrane and nucleus
Golgi Body
Packaging of proteins for export
Ribosomes
Protein factories of the cell.
Vacuoles
Storage
Rough ER
Endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached; responsible for making proteins to be exported Semipermeable barrier
Lysosome
Digestive sac for the cell
Mitochondria
Takes carbohydrates and oxygen and breaks them down converting the energy in the stored bonds to ATP
Take sunlight and carbon dioxide and convert it to carbohydrates, giving off oxygen in the process
Cell wall
Tough outer covering on some cells (not animal). In plants it’s made of cellulose, fungi it’s made of chitin and in bacteria it’s made of peptidoglycan
Plasma membrane
Chloroplasts
Plant cell and Animal cell comparison and contrast Plant only Cell wall Chloroplast Large central vacuole
Both Eukaryotic Nucleus Mitochondria Cell membrane Ribosomes Rough and smooth ER Golgi body
Animal only Lysosome Many small vacuoles
III. Transport Label the parts of a phospholipid: (polar, nonpolar, phosphate, lipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic)
Polar, phosphate, hydrophilic Nonpolar, lipid, hydrophobic Label the parts of a bilayer: (polar, nonpolar, phosphate,
Polar, phosphate, hydrophilic
Nonpolar, lipid, hydrophobic Use the drawing below to indicate the location of inside the cell, outside of the cell, polar and nonpolar
Inside cell, polar
Inner portion of cell membrane, non polar Outside cell, polar Using the image of a cell membrane below: Color the proteins red Color the polar part green Color the non polar part yellow Add in a channel (transport) protein. Add in a carbohydrate marker on one of the proteins
green
yellow
red
When we say that a lipid bilayer is semipermeable, what do we mean? Allows some things, but not all things, to mover thru it \ Passive transport Active Transport No Yes Requires energy Moves molecules From high to low concentration From low concentration to high concentration Moves molecules With (down) the concentration Against (up) the concentration gradient gradient Define osmosis: passive transport of water across the cell membrane Label the following drawings as hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic and draw an arrow to indicate the direction water will move. (The cell membrane is semipermeable but will not allow the particles to move thru…only water)
Cell is hypertonic to the solution.
Cell and solution are isotonic.
Water will move into the cell
Water moves both in and out
Cell is hypotonic compared to the solution. Water will move out of the cell
Here are some more examples:
Great website activity to review what happens to a human cell (blood cell), a plant cell (elodea) and protist (paramecium) in different solutions: http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/LS03/LS03.html Indicate which of the following is endocytosis and which is exocytosis. Below each one give an example of a type of substance moved in that manner
Endocytosis – how many single celled organisms eat
Exocytosis – a cell expelling large molecules (proteins or hormones) Indicate which side is hypertonic, hypotonic and the direction water will move. Draw a prediction of what it will look like after sitting for a few hours: before Prediction Water will move from right to left.
5% NaCl hypertonic
2% NaCl hypotonic
Water will move from left to right
20% sucrose Hypotonic
50% sucrose hypertonic
Water will move from right to left
70% NaCl hyptertoni c
40% NaCl hypotonic
IV. Energy: Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? How can you tell? Exergonic because there’s more energy in the reactants than the product Give an example of endergonic and exergonic reactions: Endergonic – photosyntheis Exergonic – cellular respiration What is activation energy? Energy that it takes to get a reaction started What do the following letters represent in the diagram A: reactant B: activation energy without an enzyme C: activation energy with an enzyme E: products Which line (solid or dashed) represents a reaction with an enzyme? Dashed (lower activation energy) Give some characteristics of an enzyme: Protein, specific, reusable Give 3 examples of digestive enzymes and the reactions they catalyze: Sucrase – digests sucrose into glucose and fructose Lactase – digests lactose into glucose and galactose Amylase – digests starch into glucose What’s an easy way to tell if a chemical named is an enzyme? Ends in -ase Name 4 things that can affect an enzyme functioning Lowering or raising temperature Amount of enzyme Amount of substrate Lowering or raising pH Label the structure of ATP using the following terms: phosphate, bonds with high stored energy, sugar, and adenine
What does ATP become when it loses one phosphate? ADP two phosphates? AMP All of our energy originates from the Sun
The first living things to take incoming energy and transform it to chemical energy (glucose) are called _ autotrophs_ or producers The energy flows from those organisms to _ consumers or heterotrophs that must eat to obtain energy Give 3 kinds of organisms that are photosynthetic: plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria What is fermentation? Cellular respiration without oxygenWhen does it occur and what are the byproducts? When there isn’t oxygen, byproducts: lactic acid or alchohol Bacteria can only conduct the first part of cellular respiration. What is that called? How many ATP does it produce? Glycolysis, 2
What
Cellular respiration Taking glucose and breaking it down to get energy to make ADP into ATP
Where
Mitochondria of all eukaryotes
Who
All eukaryotes (prokaryotes only do the first part)
What goes in (reactant)
Oxygen Glucose
What comes out (product)
Water sunlight Carbon dioxide 6O2 + C6H12O6 6H2O + 6CO2
Reaction (balanced)
Photosynthesis Taking carbon dioxide and building it up to glucose by adding energy captured from sunlight Chloroplasts of plants and algae
All Autotrophs (plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria … bacteria use cell wall instead of chloroplast Water ATP and heat Carbon dioxide Oxygen Glucose 6H2O + 6CO2 6O2 + C6H12O6
V. Cell Reproduction: What is a gene? A section of DNA that codes for a protein What is a chromosome? A length of DNA consisting of many genes What is chromatin? DNA + associated proteins (histones) Where can you find these things? Nucleus of all eukarytoes How many chromosomes do you have in your somatic cells? 46 What is a somatic cell a body cell other than gametes How many chromosomes do you have in your gametes? 23 What is a gamete? Sperm or egg Why do gametes have a haploid number of chromosomes? So that when they join they make a zygote with the correct number Cell cycle: Label the following diagrams with the following terms: G 1, G2, S, cytokinesis, mitosis, interphase *Notice I am giving you more than one diagram so that you can get used various formats. Who knows what I will put on the final (and Rick Perry is the only one that knows what they’re putting on the STAAR)
What happens in each of these phases? G1 - normal cellular activities G2 - growth and prep for mitosis S – DNA replication Mitosis – division of the cell’s nucleus Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm What kind of cell never leaves G1 – nerve cell What happens when the cell cycle loses control and begins to rapidly repeat itself? – cancer (a tumor) results How does cytokinesis differ between a plant cell and an animal cell? Plant cells make a cell plate. Animal cell pinch in two
Label each of the steps in mitosis: A (before mitosis begins) interphase B - prophase C - metaphase D - anaphase E - telophase F (after cytokinesis) - interphase Is there a difference between the two cells labeled F? no. They are identical Is there a difference between the cell labeled A and the two labeled F? No, they are identical What is structure #6? Spindle fibers What is structure #13? Nuclear membrane (reforming) What is structure #1 - centrioles What is structure #8? - centromere You have 22 pairs of chromosomes called __autosomes_. The 23rd set are called __sex__ chromosomes and are either X and X if you are a girl or X and Y if you are a boy. X chromosome is necessary and everyone has one they got from their mother. Y chromosome only codes for male sex characteristics and boys get that chromosome from their father_. Girls get their other X from their dads. What is meiosis? the process by which cells are made that are haploid in number. They are gametes and not identical to each other Characteristic Parent cell
Mitosis Diploid
Meiosis Diploid
Where
Somatic cells – all cells in the body except gametes
Testicles and ovaries
# of daughter cells
2
4
Chromosome # in daughter cells
Dipoid (46)
Haploid (23)
Are they clones?
Yes
No
What is a karyotype? A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell lined up from longest to shortest and paired up
Identify the following karyotypes as male or female and indicate if there are any chromosomal disorders
Male, with Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Female, no disorders
VI. Genetics: Who was Gregor Mendel? – father of genetics What is an allele? a form of a trait (brown is an eye color allele. so is blue) What is purebred? Having the same alleles for a trait (both of your eye color genes are blue, you’re purebred for eye color) What is homozygous? – same as purebred What is heterozygous? – different alleles for the same trait What is genotype? – the alleles you posses for a trait What is phenotype? The physical manifestation of the alleles you posses
Work the following examples of genetic crosses using these traits: Trait Dominant Plant height Tall Seed color brown Flower color Purple Location of flowers Axial
Recessive Short White Yellow Terminal
A brown seeded plant is crossed with a white seeded plant and all the offspring have brown seeds. What was the genotype of the parents? BB X bb What is the genotype of the offspring? Bb white seeded plant is bb. In order to have all brown offspring the Brown parent must be BB. So offspring is Bb Two heterozygous axial plants are crossed. What is the genotype and phenotype of the offspring? Parents: Aa X Aa genotype : AA, Aa, aa 1:2:1 phenotype: axial : terminal 3:1 A heterozygous tall and heterozygous purple flowered plant is crossed with a short yellow flowered plant. What is the phenotypic ratios expected in the offspring? Parents: TtPp X ttpp Offspring: tall purple : ¼ tall yellow: ¼ short, purple: ¼ short, yellow: ¼ or 1:1:1:1
An axial white seeded plant is crossed with an axial brown plant. The offspring are half axial white and half axial brown. What is the probably genotype of the axial white plant? What about the axial brown plant? Parents A_bb X A_B_ all offspring are Axial so at least one parent is AA, half of the offspring are brown and half are white so bb X Bb is the only possible combination of B’s. Axial white plant: AAbb or Aabb, Axial brown parent is AABb or AaBb In the case of incomplete dominance, a black hen and a white rooster produce speckled offspring. What if two speckled chickens cross? What are the expected phenotypes of the offspring? BW X BW 1: 2: 1 (BB:BW:WW and black: speckled: white) If a gene is sex linked recessive found on the X chromosome and a mother that is a carrier mates with a father that does not have the disorder, what is the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? Genotype: XaX: XX,XaY, XY Half of the girls are carriers, half of the boys are affected. A mother that is type O marries a man who is type AB. What are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? AO: BO 1:1 Type A to Type B 1: 1 If one of their type B children marries a person that is AB, what are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? BB: BO: AB: AO 1: 1: 1: 1 B: AB: A 2: 1: 1 If one of their type A children marries someone that is type O, what are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? AO:OO 1: 1 A to O 1:1
VII. DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis Who won the Nobel prize for finding the structure of DNA? Watson and Crick Who was Chargaff? The scientist that discovered predictable ratios of G to C and A to T Who was R. Franklin? Took a picture of DNA If a DNA molecule is 27% guanine, what percent makes up the other 3 bases? C=27, A=23 and T=23 What is antiparallel mean? The sides are running in the opposite direction but parallel to each other What two bases are purines? A and G What two bases are pyrimidines? C and T Which ones are bigger? purines Draw a DNA molecule with the code ATC. Label phosphodiester bond, hydrogen bond, nucleotide, base pair, and number the carbons 1 – 5. See me for the correct answer to this…I can’t draw it on here. Sorry. What is replication? Making an exact copy of the DNA When does it take place? During S phase Where does it take place? In the nucleus Why does it take place? So that each new cell will have a full compliment of the DNA What does semiconservative mean? When it replicates half of the 2 new strands are old and half are new Draw a DNA strand replicating and label helicase, DNA polymerase and a replication fork. Again, see me for the correct answer to this…I can’t draw it here. Sorry Draw an RNA nucleotide: Again, see me for the correct answer to this…I can’t draw it here. Sorry
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
DNA 2 ATCG In the nucleus only Deoxyribose One
Number of strands Nitrogen bases Where it’s found Sugar Kinds
RNA 1 ACUG In the cytoplasm Ribose Many (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
What is the purpose of transcription? Make a working copy of the DNA What is the purpose of translation? Match the mRNA up to an amino acid Fill out the following chart: DNA (template)
Complementary DNA
Triplet ATC AAA GAA ATG ACC
TAG TTT CTT TAC TGG
mRNA (From template) Codon UAG UUU CUU UAC UGG
tRNA
Amino acid
Anticodon AUC AAA GAA AUG ACC
Stop Phe Leu Tyr tryptophan
What do we mean when we say that the genetic code is universal? Virtually all living organisms use this code How do we use the universality of the genetic code in gene technology – can copy a gene from one organism and paste it into another’s genetic code. Where does transcription take place? In the nucleus Where does translation take place? In the cytoplasm on a ribosome What is a mutation? A change in the genetic code Given a DNA code of TTA ATA Make a mutation that is silent: TTG ATA Make a mutation that is a point mutation? TTA ATT Why is a frameshift mutation nearly always very bad…resulting in a non functional protein. Because it will cause all the amino acids downstream from the mutation to be read incorrectly.
VIII. Evolution What is the definition of evolution? A gradual change in the genetic makeup of a species over a long period of time Who was Charles Darwin? Naturalist who first observed and documented evidence of evolution What book did he publish? On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selecion What is artificial selection? When man selects traits he prefers in the offspring (ex: Horses, dogs, crops, livestock) What is natural selection? The process by which organisms best suited to survive in an environment achieve greater reproductive success and pass their advantageous genetic chracteristics on to future generations. What is natural selection also called? Survival of the fittest What are the three conditions that must be met for natural selection to take place? More offspring than could possibly survive, harsh environment, variation within the species
Proof of evolution Fossil record: transitional fossils Vestigial structures Homologous structures
Amino acid sequences Embryology
Define Fossils that show a link between two divergent species Structures or organs that have no use but did at one time Structures that are similar between two or more divergent species Similarities in DNA will be apparent by comparing amino acid sequences Similarities in embryos of vertebrates
Example Tittaaalik archaeopteryx Pelvic bone in snakes and whales Wisdom teeth in humans The forearm of many vertebrates: one large bone, two small bones and bunch of tiny bones Cytochrome C in vertebrates All vertebrate embryos (including humans) have gill slits and a tail
What is significant about the tiktaalik? Transition from fish to amphibian (sea to land) What is significant about archaeopteryx Transition from land to air (reptile to bird)
IX. Classification What is taxonomy? Study of classification of organisms Who was Linneaus Scientist who first named and classified organisms using the system we still use today What is the purpose of giving everything a scientific name ? eliminates confusion, all in the same language, The dog flea belongs to the species canis and the genus Ctencephalides. Write its scientific name:Ctencephalides...