Pre AP biology final exam Review KEY spring 2014 PDF

Title Pre AP biology final exam Review KEY spring 2014
Author Juan Huertas
Course Fundamentals Of Biology: Human Biology Lecture
Institution Baruch College CUNY
Pages 17
File Size 1.1 MB
File Type PDF
Total Downloads 33
Total Views 142

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Your Pre AP biology final exam review KEY:

I. Biomolecules: Organic or inorganic? How do you tell?_organic compounds contain carbon__ Categorize organic or inorganic: Inorganic

Inorganic

Organic

Organic

What are the 4 classes of compounds? _carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, protein_ How can you tell the difference between Carbohydrates and everything else? Carbs have C:H:O in a 1:2:1: ratio Lipids and everything else? _Lipids have C:H:O but not in any predicable ratio_ Proteins and everything else? Proteins have C, H, O and N but no P Nucleic acids and everything else? Nucleic Acids have C, H, O, P, and N What kind of bond holds together Carbohydrates – glycosidic linkage Lipids – Ester linkages Nucleic acids - phosphodiester bonds Proteins – peptide bonds

Starch - carbohydrate

Hair - protein

DNA – nucleic acid

Cellulose – carbohydrate

Plant cell walls – carbohydrate

Enzymes - proteins

Organic product of photosynthesis carbohydrate

protein

car bohydrates

Carbohydrate

Component of cell membrane lipid if it’s the phospholipid or cholesterol Protein if it’s a transport, channel or surface marker Nucleic acid

Hemoglobin protein

Lipid Nucleic acid

Structure Solid at room temp

Unsaturated fat Double bonds, bends in the carbon chain No

Saturated fat No double bonds, no bends in carbon chain yes

Butter, lard Plant oils such as olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil How many different amino acids are possible? __20 What determines the order of the amino acids in your proteins? ___ DNA____ Examples

II. Cells:

Prokaryote Smaller Older No No membrane bound organelles, does have ribosomes Bacteria

Size Age Nucleus Organelles

Examples

Eukaryote Larger Younger Yes Mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, ER All but bacteria

Part Nucleus

Function Holds the DNA, control center of the cell

Part Smooth ER

Function Transport in the cell, detoxifying and making lipids and cell membranes

Cytoplasm

Space inside a cell between cell membrane and nucleus

Golgi Body

Packaging of proteins for export

Ribosomes

Protein factories of the cell.

Vacuoles

Storage

Rough ER

Endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached; responsible for making proteins to be exported Semipermeable barrier

Lysosome

Digestive sac for the cell

Mitochondria

Takes carbohydrates and oxygen and breaks them down converting the energy in the stored bonds to ATP

Take sunlight and carbon dioxide and convert it to carbohydrates, giving off oxygen in the process

Cell wall

Tough outer covering on some cells (not animal). In plants it’s made of cellulose, fungi it’s made of chitin and in bacteria it’s made of peptidoglycan

Plasma membrane

Chloroplasts

Plant cell and Animal cell comparison and contrast Plant only Cell wall Chloroplast Large central vacuole

Both Eukaryotic Nucleus Mitochondria Cell membrane Ribosomes Rough and smooth ER Golgi body

Animal only Lysosome Many small vacuoles

III. Transport Label the parts of a phospholipid: (polar, nonpolar, phosphate, lipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic)

Polar, phosphate, hydrophilic Nonpolar, lipid, hydrophobic Label the parts of a bilayer: (polar, nonpolar, phosphate,

Polar, phosphate, hydrophilic

Nonpolar, lipid, hydrophobic Use the drawing below to indicate the location of inside the cell, outside of the cell, polar and nonpolar

Inside cell, polar

Inner portion of cell membrane, non polar Outside cell, polar Using the image of a cell membrane below: Color the proteins red Color the polar part green Color the non polar part yellow Add in a channel (transport) protein. Add in a carbohydrate marker on one of the proteins

green

yellow

red

When we say that a lipid bilayer is semipermeable, what do we mean? Allows some things, but not all things, to mover thru it \ Passive transport Active Transport No Yes Requires energy Moves molecules From high to low concentration From low concentration to high concentration Moves molecules With (down) the concentration Against (up) the concentration gradient gradient Define osmosis: passive transport of water across the cell membrane Label the following drawings as hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic and draw an arrow to indicate the direction water will move. (The cell membrane is semipermeable but will not allow the particles to move thru…only water)

Cell is hypertonic to the solution.

Cell and solution are isotonic.

Water will move into the cell

Water moves both in and out

Cell is hypotonic compared to the solution. Water will move out of the cell

Here are some more examples:

Great website activity to review what happens to a human cell (blood cell), a plant cell (elodea) and protist (paramecium) in different solutions: http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/LS03/LS03.html Indicate which of the following is endocytosis and which is exocytosis. Below each one give an example of a type of substance moved in that manner

Endocytosis – how many single celled organisms eat

Exocytosis – a cell expelling large molecules (proteins or hormones) Indicate which side is hypertonic, hypotonic and the direction water will move. Draw a prediction of what it will look like after sitting for a few hours: before Prediction Water will move from right to left.

5% NaCl hypertonic

2% NaCl hypotonic

Water will move from left to right

20% sucrose Hypotonic

50% sucrose hypertonic

Water will move from right to left

70% NaCl hyptertoni c

40% NaCl hypotonic

IV. Energy: Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? How can you tell? Exergonic because there’s more energy in the reactants than the product Give an example of endergonic and exergonic reactions: Endergonic – photosyntheis Exergonic – cellular respiration What is activation energy? Energy that it takes to get a reaction started What do the following letters represent in the diagram A: reactant B: activation energy without an enzyme C: activation energy with an enzyme E: products Which line (solid or dashed) represents a reaction with an enzyme? Dashed (lower activation energy) Give some characteristics of an enzyme: Protein, specific, reusable Give 3 examples of digestive enzymes and the reactions they catalyze: Sucrase – digests sucrose into glucose and fructose Lactase – digests lactose into glucose and galactose Amylase – digests starch into glucose What’s an easy way to tell if a chemical named is an enzyme? Ends in -ase Name 4 things that can affect an enzyme functioning Lowering or raising temperature Amount of enzyme Amount of substrate Lowering or raising pH Label the structure of ATP using the following terms: phosphate, bonds with high stored energy, sugar, and adenine

What does ATP become when it loses one phosphate? ADP two phosphates? AMP All of our energy originates from the Sun

The first living things to take incoming energy and transform it to chemical energy (glucose) are called _ autotrophs_ or producers The energy flows from those organisms to _ consumers or heterotrophs that must eat to obtain energy Give 3 kinds of organisms that are photosynthetic: plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria What is fermentation? Cellular respiration without oxygenWhen does it occur and what are the byproducts? When there isn’t oxygen, byproducts: lactic acid or alchohol Bacteria can only conduct the first part of cellular respiration. What is that called? How many ATP does it produce? Glycolysis, 2

What

Cellular respiration Taking glucose and breaking it down to get energy to make ADP into ATP

Where

Mitochondria of all eukaryotes

Who

All eukaryotes (prokaryotes only do the first part)

What goes in (reactant)

Oxygen Glucose

What comes out (product)

Water sunlight Carbon dioxide 6O2 + C6H12O6  6H2O + 6CO2

Reaction (balanced)

Photosynthesis Taking carbon dioxide and building it up to glucose by adding energy captured from sunlight Chloroplasts of plants and algae

All Autotrophs (plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria … bacteria use cell wall instead of chloroplast Water ATP and heat Carbon dioxide Oxygen Glucose 6H2O + 6CO2  6O2 + C6H12O6

V. Cell Reproduction: What is a gene? A section of DNA that codes for a protein What is a chromosome? A length of DNA consisting of many genes What is chromatin? DNA + associated proteins (histones) Where can you find these things? Nucleus of all eukarytoes How many chromosomes do you have in your somatic cells? 46 What is a somatic cell a body cell other than gametes How many chromosomes do you have in your gametes? 23 What is a gamete? Sperm or egg Why do gametes have a haploid number of chromosomes? So that when they join they make a zygote with the correct number Cell cycle: Label the following diagrams with the following terms: G 1, G2, S, cytokinesis, mitosis, interphase *Notice I am giving you more than one diagram so that you can get used various formats. Who knows what I will put on the final (and Rick Perry is the only one that knows what they’re putting on the STAAR)

What happens in each of these phases? G1 - normal cellular activities G2 - growth and prep for mitosis S – DNA replication Mitosis – division of the cell’s nucleus Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm What kind of cell never leaves G1 – nerve cell What happens when the cell cycle loses control and begins to rapidly repeat itself? – cancer (a tumor) results How does cytokinesis differ between a plant cell and an animal cell? Plant cells make a cell plate. Animal cell pinch in two

Label each of the steps in mitosis: A (before mitosis begins) interphase B - prophase C - metaphase D - anaphase E - telophase F (after cytokinesis) - interphase Is there a difference between the two cells labeled F? no. They are identical Is there a difference between the cell labeled A and the two labeled F? No, they are identical What is structure #6? Spindle fibers What is structure #13? Nuclear membrane (reforming) What is structure #1 - centrioles What is structure #8? - centromere You have 22 pairs of chromosomes called __autosomes_. The 23rd set are called __sex__ chromosomes and are either X and X if you are a girl or X and Y if you are a boy. X chromosome is necessary and everyone has one they got from their mother. Y chromosome only codes for male sex characteristics and boys get that chromosome from their father_. Girls get their other X from their dads. What is meiosis? the process by which cells are made that are haploid in number. They are gametes and not identical to each other Characteristic Parent cell

Mitosis Diploid

Meiosis Diploid

Where

Somatic cells – all cells in the body except gametes

Testicles and ovaries

# of daughter cells

2

4

Chromosome # in daughter cells

Dipoid (46)

Haploid (23)

Are they clones?

Yes

No

What is a karyotype? A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell lined up from longest to shortest and paired up

Identify the following karyotypes as male or female and indicate if there are any chromosomal disorders

Male, with Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Female, no disorders

VI. Genetics: Who was Gregor Mendel? – father of genetics What is an allele? a form of a trait (brown is an eye color allele. so is blue) What is purebred? Having the same alleles for a trait (both of your eye color genes are blue, you’re purebred for eye color) What is homozygous? – same as purebred What is heterozygous? – different alleles for the same trait What is genotype? – the alleles you posses for a trait What is phenotype? The physical manifestation of the alleles you posses

Work the following examples of genetic crosses using these traits: Trait Dominant Plant height Tall Seed color brown Flower color Purple Location of flowers Axial

Recessive Short White Yellow Terminal

A brown seeded plant is crossed with a white seeded plant and all the offspring have brown seeds. What was the genotype of the parents? BB X bb What is the genotype of the offspring? Bb white seeded plant is bb. In order to have all brown offspring the Brown parent must be BB. So offspring is Bb Two heterozygous axial plants are crossed. What is the genotype and phenotype of the offspring? Parents: Aa X Aa genotype : AA, Aa, aa 1:2:1 phenotype: axial : terminal 3:1 A heterozygous tall and heterozygous purple flowered plant is crossed with a short yellow flowered plant. What is the phenotypic ratios expected in the offspring? Parents: TtPp X ttpp Offspring: tall purple : ¼ tall yellow: ¼ short, purple: ¼ short, yellow: ¼ or 1:1:1:1

An axial white seeded plant is crossed with an axial brown plant. The offspring are half axial white and half axial brown. What is the probably genotype of the axial white plant? What about the axial brown plant? Parents A_bb X A_B_ all offspring are Axial so at least one parent is AA, half of the offspring are brown and half are white so bb X Bb is the only possible combination of B’s. Axial white plant: AAbb or Aabb, Axial brown parent is AABb or AaBb In the case of incomplete dominance, a black hen and a white rooster produce speckled offspring. What if two speckled chickens cross? What are the expected phenotypes of the offspring? BW X BW 1: 2: 1 (BB:BW:WW and black: speckled: white) If a gene is sex linked recessive found on the X chromosome and a mother that is a carrier mates with a father that does not have the disorder, what is the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? Genotype: XaX: XX,XaY, XY Half of the girls are carriers, half of the boys are affected. A mother that is type O marries a man who is type AB. What are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? AO: BO 1:1 Type A to Type B 1: 1 If one of their type B children marries a person that is AB, what are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? BB: BO: AB: AO 1: 1: 1: 1 B: AB: A 2: 1: 1 If one of their type A children marries someone that is type O, what are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? AO:OO 1: 1 A to O 1:1

VII. DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis Who won the Nobel prize for finding the structure of DNA? Watson and Crick Who was Chargaff? The scientist that discovered predictable ratios of G to C and A to T Who was R. Franklin? Took a picture of DNA If a DNA molecule is 27% guanine, what percent makes up the other 3 bases? C=27, A=23 and T=23 What is antiparallel mean? The sides are running in the opposite direction but parallel to each other What two bases are purines? A and G What two bases are pyrimidines? C and T Which ones are bigger? purines Draw a DNA molecule with the code ATC. Label phosphodiester bond, hydrogen bond, nucleotide, base pair, and number the carbons 1 – 5. See me for the correct answer to this…I can’t draw it on here. Sorry. What is replication? Making an exact copy of the DNA When does it take place? During S phase Where does it take place? In the nucleus Why does it take place? So that each new cell will have a full compliment of the DNA What does semiconservative mean? When it replicates half of the 2 new strands are old and half are new Draw a DNA strand replicating and label helicase, DNA polymerase and a replication fork. Again, see me for the correct answer to this…I can’t draw it here. Sorry Draw an RNA nucleotide: Again, see me for the correct answer to this…I can’t draw it here. Sorry

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA

DNA 2 ATCG In the nucleus only Deoxyribose One

Number of strands Nitrogen bases Where it’s found Sugar Kinds

RNA 1 ACUG In the cytoplasm Ribose Many (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

What is the purpose of transcription? Make a working copy of the DNA What is the purpose of translation? Match the mRNA up to an amino acid Fill out the following chart: DNA (template)

Complementary DNA

Triplet ATC AAA GAA ATG ACC

TAG TTT CTT TAC TGG

mRNA (From template) Codon UAG UUU CUU UAC UGG

tRNA

Amino acid

Anticodon AUC AAA GAA AUG ACC

Stop Phe Leu Tyr tryptophan

What do we mean when we say that the genetic code is universal? Virtually all living organisms use this code How do we use the universality of the genetic code in gene technology – can copy a gene from one organism and paste it into another’s genetic code. Where does transcription take place? In the nucleus Where does translation take place? In the cytoplasm on a ribosome What is a mutation? A change in the genetic code Given a DNA code of TTA ATA Make a mutation that is silent: TTG ATA Make a mutation that is a point mutation? TTA ATT Why is a frameshift mutation nearly always very bad…resulting in a non functional protein. Because it will cause all the amino acids downstream from the mutation to be read incorrectly.

VIII. Evolution What is the definition of evolution? A gradual change in the genetic makeup of a species over a long period of time Who was Charles Darwin? Naturalist who first observed and documented evidence of evolution What book did he publish? On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selecion What is artificial selection? When man selects traits he prefers in the offspring (ex: Horses, dogs, crops, livestock) What is natural selection? The process by which organisms best suited to survive in an environment achieve greater reproductive success and pass their advantageous genetic chracteristics on to future generations. What is natural selection also called? Survival of the fittest What are the three conditions that must be met for natural selection to take place? More offspring than could possibly survive, harsh environment, variation within the species

Proof of evolution Fossil record: transitional fossils Vestigial structures Homologous structures

Amino acid sequences Embryology

Define Fossils that show a link between two divergent species Structures or organs that have no use but did at one time Structures that are similar between two or more divergent species Similarities in DNA will be apparent by comparing amino acid sequences Similarities in embryos of vertebrates

Example Tittaaalik archaeopteryx Pelvic bone in snakes and whales Wisdom teeth in humans The forearm of many vertebrates: one large bone, two small bones and bunch of tiny bones Cytochrome C in vertebrates All vertebrate embryos (including humans) have gill slits and a tail

What is significant about the tiktaalik? Transition from fish to amphibian (sea to land) What is significant about archaeopteryx Transition from land to air (reptile to bird)

IX. Classification What is taxonomy? Study of classification of organisms Who was Linneaus Scientist who first named and classified organisms using the system we still use today What is the purpose of giving everything a scientific name ? eliminates confusion, all in the same language, The dog flea belongs to the species canis and the genus Ctencephalides. Write its scientific name:Ctencephalides...


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