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Print Chapter 6: Bones & Skeletal Tissue flashcards | Easy Notecards

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Chapter 6: Bones & Skeletal Tissue 1. what does the skeletal system consists of cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bones 2. what kind of tissue is cartilage connective 3. Cartilage consists primarily of _______ which accounts for its resilience Water 4. Skeletal Cartilage contains no ________ or ________ no nerves or blood vessels 5. Cartilage is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the _________ perichondrium 6. The Perichondrium acts like a girdle in order to _____ resist outward expression 7. The Perichondrium contains the _______ _______ for nutrient delivery blood vessels 8. cartilage contains two types of cells, name them chondroblasts and chondrocytes 9. What are the three types of cartilage tissue in the body? 1. Hyaline, 2. elastic, 3. fibrocartilage 10. What are the basic components for all three types of cartilage tissue? -cells called "Chondrocytes" -the chondrocytes encased in a small cavity called the "Lacunae" -all within an "extracellular matrix" containing a jelly like "ground substance and fibers" 11. Which cartilage is the most abundant in the human body Hyaline Cartilage 12. Where are the 4 places skeletal hyaline cartilage can be found 1. Articular cartilage- which covers ens of bones a 2. Costal Cartilage- connects ribs to the sternum 3. Respiratory cartilage- forms the skeleton of the larynx (Voicebox) and reinforce respiratory passageways 4. Nasal cartilage-support the external Nose

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13. The only fiber type in the matrix of Hyaline Cartilage is Collagen fibers 14. Elastic Cartilage is similar to Hyaline Cartilage but contains more______? stretchy elastic fibers 15. How many places can Elastic Cartilage be found? Where are those locations? Elastic Cartilage can be found in 2 places. 1. The External ear 2. and the Epiglottis 16. Fibrocartilage has _______ collagen fibers Thick 17. Where can Fibrocartilage be found 1. Menisci of knee 2. Vertebral disks 18. What are the two ways Cartilage Grows 1. Appositional Growth 2. Interstitial Growth 19. What is Appositional Growth -Growth from the "outside" -Cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage 20. What is Interstitial Growth -Growth from the "inside" -Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within 21. True or False: Calcification of cartilage only occurs when you are old? False. Calcification of cartilage occurs during normal bone growth when you are both young and old. 22. True or False: When Cartilage becomes calcified it becomes bone False. When Cartilage becomes calcified it hardens, but is not bone. 23. When does cartilage growth typically end? adolescence 24. How many named bones are in the Skeleton https://www.easynotecards.com/print_list/19851

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206 25. What are the 2 groups the skeleton is divided into 1. Axial 2. Appendicular 26. Match the function of the group: A. This group helps us manipulate or environment B. This group protects supports, or carry other body parts. A. Appendicular B. Axial 27. What bones are included in the Axial Skeleton -Long Axis of the Body -Skull -Vertebral column -Rib cage 28. Which bones are included in the Appendicular skeleton -bones of upper and lower limbs -girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton 29. What are the 4 classifications of bones by shape 1. Long Bones 2. Short Bones 3. Flat bones 4. Irregular bones 30. Long bones are ______ than they are _______ Longer than they are wide 31. A long bone has a _____ plus two ____ which are often expanded. Has a "shaft" plus "two ends" 32. All limb bones are long bones except: 1. patella (kneecap) 2. wrist bones 3. ankle bones 33. what shape are short bones Cube Shaped 34. examples of short bones wrist and ankle 35. sesamoid bones -short bones that form within tendons https://www.easynotecards.com/print_list/19851

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-The Patella for example 36. Flat Bones are Thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved 37. Examples of Flat Bones are -Sternum -Scapulae -Ribs -Skull Bones 38. Examples of Irregular Bones -Vertebrae - Hip Bones 39. What are the 7 important functions of bones? -Support -Protection -Movement -Mineral and growth factor storage -blood cell formation -Triglyceride(fat) Storage -Hormone production 40. Function of Bones: Support For body and soft organs 41. Function of Bones: Protection For brain, spinal cord, and vital organs 42. Function of Bones: Movement Levers for muscle action 43. Function of Bones: Mineral and growth factor storage Calcium and phosphorus, and growth factors reservoir 44. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in red marrow cavities of certain bones 45. Triglyceride (fat) storage in bone cavities Energy source 46. Hormone production Osteocalcin • Regulates bone formation • Protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus https://www.easynotecards.com/print_list/19851

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47. Because they contain different types of tissue, bones are ________ Organs 48. What are the different tissues bones contain -Bone (Osseous tissue) -nervous tissue -cartilage -fibrous connective tissue -muscle and epithelial cells in its blood vessels 49. What are the three levels of structure we consider bones at: 1. Gross 2. Microscopic 3. Chemical 50. The External Layer of bone is Compact bone 51. The internal layer of bone is Spongy 52. describe spongy bone honeycomb of small needle like or flat pieces called trabeculae 53. In living bones the open spaces between trabeculae are filled with _______ or _______ Red or Yellow Bone marrow 54. Short, irregular, and flat bones all consist of __________ of spongy bone covered by compact bone thin plates 55. The thin plates of short irregular and flat bones are covered outside and inside by connective tissue membranes called the ____________ and the ___________ periosteum and the endosteum 56. because short, irregular and flat bones are not cylidrical they have no ______ or ______; and no well defined ______ shaft or epiphyses; and no well defined marrow cavity 57. In flat bones the spongy bone is called the ________ diploe 58. With few exceptions all long bones have the same general structure: https://www.easynotecards.com/print_list/19851

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-Shaft -bone ends -membranes 59. What is the diaphysis Tubular shaft that forms the long axis 60. The diaphysis is made of relatively thick compacat bone that surrounds a central ____________ medullary cavity 61. the medullary cavity contains _________ and is called the ______ ______ _______ yellow marrow, yellow marrow cavity 62. What is the epiphyses the bone ends 63. A thin layer of _______ ________ covers the joint surface of each epiphysis articular cartilage (Hyaline) 64. Between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of an adult long bone is an epiphyseal line 65. What is the periosteum -covers the external surface of the entire bone except joint surfaces. 66. What is the endosteum covers internal bone surfaces 67. Where is Hematopoietic tissue, red marrow, typically found -in the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones -and in the diploe of flat bones 68. True or False: Red Marrow in adult long bones are only in the heads of femu and humerus only True 69. What are the five major Cells of bone tissue? Osteogenic cells osteoblasts osteocytes bone lining cells osteoclasts 70. Oteogenic Cells – Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum https://www.easynotecards.com/print_list/19851

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– When stimulated differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells • Some persist as osteogenic cells 71. Osteoblasts • Bone-forming cells • Secrete unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid – Includes collagen and calcium-binding proteins • Collagen = 90% of bone protein • Actively mitotic 72. Osteocytes • Mature bone cells in lacunae • Monitor and maintain bone matrix • Act as stress or strain sensors – Respond to and communicate mechanical stimuli to osteoblasts and osteoclasts (cells that destroy bone) so bone remodeling can occur 73. Bone Lining Cells • Flat cells on bone surfaces believed to help maintain matrix • On external bone surface called periosteal cells • Lining internal surfaces called endosteal cells 74. Osteoclasts •Derived from hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages •Giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption •When active rest in resorption bay and have ruffled border –Ruffled border increases surface area for enzyme degradation of bone and seals off area from surrounding matrix 75. What are projections and what do they include? Projections are bone marking that bulge outward from the surface. It includes: -heads -trochanters -spines -others 76. Bone markings that are depressions and opening include -Fossae, -sinuses -foramina (foramen) -grooves 77. What is the osteon (or the Haversian system) -the structural unit of compact bone. -a group of hollow tubes of bon matrix, one placed outside the next like growth rings 78. Each matrix tube in the osteon is called a https://www.easynotecards.com/print_list/19851

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lemella 79. Compact Bone is also called Lamellar bone 80. Running through the core of each osteon is the central canal (haversian canal) 81. Running through the central canal are -blood vessels and nerve fibers 82. canals that lie at right angles to the central canal that connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal perforating canals 83. What is the lacunae small cavities that contain osteocytes 84. what are canaliculi connect lacunae to each other and central canal 85. Interstitial lamellae -incomplete lamellae not part of complete osteon -fills gaps between forming osteons 86. Circumferential lamellae just deep to periosteum -superficial to enosteum -extend around entire surface of diaphysis -resist twisting of long bone 87. how many bones does a baby have how many bones does an adult have 270 for babies 206 for adults 88. What do the organic components of bone include Bone cells and osteoid 89. osteoid make up ____ of organic bone matrix secreted by _____ -1/3 -osteoblasts 90. Osteoid's are made up of ground substance (proteoglycans and glycoproteins) Collagen fibers https://www.easynotecards.com/print_list/19851

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91. Resilience of bone due to ______ _______ Sacrificial bonds 92. sacrificial bonds are located in or between collagen molecules 93. The balance of bone tissue consists of inorganic ___________ hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) 94. hydroxyapatites account for ____% of bone by mass 65% 95. Hydroxyapatites are mainly tiny _______ _______ ______ in and around collagen fibers calcium phosphate crystals 96. Hydroxyapatites are resposible for hardness and resistance to ________ compression 97. BONE DEVELOPMENT BONE DEVELOPMENT 98. Define Ossification process of bone tissue formation 99. What are the two types of Ossification 1. Endochondral ossification 2. intramembranous ossification 100. Essentially all bones below the skull form by endochondral ossification 101. In Endochondral Ossification bones form by _____ replacing hyaline cartilage 102. Endochondral ossification forms all bones below the skull except for the _______ clavicles 103. Endochondral ossification begins when in development? late in 2nd month of development 104. Endochondral ossification begins where? at the primary ossification center in center of shaft 105. what are the 5 steps for endochondral ossification 1. A bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage 2.central cartilage in diaphysis calcifies, the develops cavities https://www.easynotecards.com/print_list/19851

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3.The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms 4. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms 5. The epiphyses ossify 106. Intramembranous ossification forms the bones of the : Bones of the skull (Frontal, parietal occipital temoral) And the clavicles 107. Intramembranous ossification begins within fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by _______ mesenchymal cells 108. What are the 4 major steps of intramembranous ossification 1. Ossification centers appear 2. Osteoid is secreted 3. Woven bone and periosteum form 4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone & red marrow appears 109. What are the two types of postnatal bone growth? 1. Interstitial growth 2. Appositional growth 110. determine the type of growth: 1. Increase in bone thickness 2. Increase in length of long bone 1. Appostional growth 2. Interstitial growth 111. Bone growth that occurs until young adulthood is controlled by Hormones

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