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ANALISA UJI PRODUKSI METODE SEPARATOR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ORIFICE METER PADA SUMUR “ X “LAPANGAN PANAS BUMI SEMINAR Oleh : HENDRI ANUR 14.420.4100.833/TP FAKULTAS TEKNIK JURUSAN TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN UNIVERSITAS PROKALAMASI 45 YOGYAKARTA 2017 ANALISA UJI PRODUKSI METODE SEPARATOR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ORIF...

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Proposal Seminar TA Hendri Anur

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ANALISA UJI PRODUKSI METODE SEPARATOR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ORIFICE METER PADA SUMUR “ X “LAPANGAN PANAS BUMI SEMINAR

Oleh : HENDRI ANUR 14.420.4100.833/TP

FAKULTAS TEKNIK JURUSAN TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN UNIVERSITAS PROKALAMASI 45 YOGYAKARTA 2017

ANALISA UJI PRODUKSI METODE SEPARATOR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ORIFICE METER PADA SUMUR “ X “LAPANGAN PANAS BUMI SEMINAR

Oleh : HENDRI ANUR 14.420.4100.833/TP

FAKULTAS TEKNIK JURUSAN TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN UNIVERSITAS PROKALAMASI 45 YOGYAKARTA 2017

i

ANALISA UJI PRODUKSI SEPARATOR DENGAN METODE ORIFICE METER SUMUR “ X “ PADA LAPANGAN PANAS BUMI

SEMINAR

Disusun Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pada Kurikulum Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Teknik Perminyakan Universitas Proklamasi 45 Yogyakarta

Oleh : HENDRI ANUR 14.420.4100.833/TP

FAKULTAS TEKNIK JURUSAN TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN UNIVERSITAS PROKALAMASI 45 YOGYAKARTA 2017

ii

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ANALISA UJI PRODUKSI SEPARATOR DENGAN METODE ORIFICE METER SUMUR “ X “ PADA LAPANGAN PANAS BUMI SEMINAR

Oleh : HENDRI ANUR 14.420.4100.833/TP

Disetujui Untuk Jurusan Teknik Perminyakan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Proklamasi 45 Yogyakarta Tanggal : ...........................

Dosen Pembimbing

( Sari Wulandari, ST., MSc. )

iii

KATA PENGANTAR Segalapuji dan syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, Atas rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan Seminar ini dengan judul ANALISA UJI PRODUKSI SEPARATOR DENGAN METODE ORIFICE METER SUMUR “ X “ PADA LAPANGAN PANAS BUMI Laporan seminar ini disusun sebagai salah satu mata kuliah wajib Universitas Proklamasi ‘45 Yogyakarta. Melalui bantuan, dan dukungan serta bimbingan dari berbagai pihak, dengan segala kerendahan hati penulis ingin menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih kepada : 1.

Ir.Bambang Irjanto, MBA., selaku Rektor Universitas Proklamsi 45 Yogyakarta.

2.

Syamsul Ma’arif ST.,M.Eng., selaku Dekan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Proklamsi 45 Yogyakarta.

3.

Aisyah Indah Irmaya, S.T., M.T., selaku Kepala Program Setudi Teknik Perminyakan Universitas Proklamsi 45 Yogyakarta.

4.

Sari Wulandari, ST., MSc., selaku Koordinator seminar.

5.

Wirawan Widya Mandala, S.T., M.T,. selaku Dosen pembimbing Seminar.

6.

Seluruh keluarga saya Khusunya Ibu dan Bapak yang selama ini telah banyak membantu untuk menyelesaikan laporan seminar ini dari segi moral, ekonomi dan Motivasi.

7.

Rekan-rekan mahasiswa angkatan 2014 yang sudah banyak memberi semangat demi terselesaikannya Seminar ini.

8.

Semua pihak yang telah ikut terlibat dan membantu dalam penyusunan Seminar ini. Penyusun menyadari bahwa Seminar ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna,

oleh karena itu penyusun mengharapkan adanya kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun untuk memperbaiki Seminar ini. Akhir kata kami berharap semoga Seminar ini dapat berguna bagi Penulis khusunya dan bagi semua Pihak Umumnya. Untuk membantu dalam proses belajar dan Bekerja Nantinya. Yogyakarta, Desember 2017 Penulis

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DAFTAR ISI Hal HALAMAN JUDUL .............................................................................................. i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .............................................................................. iii KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................... iv DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... v DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xii DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xviii BAB 1 ..................................................................................................................... 1 PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................................. 1 1.1

LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH .......................................................... 1

1.2

BATASAN MASALH ................................................................................ 1

1.3

MAKSUD DAN TUJUAN ......................................................................... 2

1.4

METODE PENULISAN ............................................................................ 2

1.5

SISTEMATIKA PENULISAN ................................................................. 2

BAB II ................................................................................................................. 4 KARAKTERISTIK RESERVOIR PANAS BUMI ........................................... 4 2.1

Genesa Pembentukan Reservoir Panas bumi ...................................... 4

2.1.1

Teori Pembentukan Reservoir Panas bumi .................................. 5

2.1.2

Syarat Terbentuknya Reservoir Panas bumi ............................... 7

2.1.3

Fluida Reservoir ............................................................................ 10

2.1.4

Batuan Penudung (Cap Rock) ...................................................... 11

2.2

Kondisi Geologi Reservoir Panas bumi .............................................. 12

2.1.2

Stratigrafi ....................................................................................... 12

2.2.2

Struktur Geologi ........................................................................... 13

2.2.3

Alterasi (Ubahan) Hydrothermal.................................................. 21

2.3

Karakteristik Batuan Reservoir Panas bumi .................................... 26

2.3.1

Jenis Batuan Reservoir Panas bumi ............................................ 27

2.3.1.1 Batuan Beku .................................................................................. 27 2.3.1.2 Batuan Sedimen ............................................................................. 30 2.3.1.3 Batuan Metamorf .......................................................................... 32 2.3.2

Komposisi Kimia Batuan Reservoir Panas bumi ....................... 33

v

2.3.2.1 Berdasarkan Kandungan Mineral .............................................. 34 2.3.2.2 Berdasarkan Kandungan Silika (SiO2) ....................................... 35 2.3.2.3 Berdasarkan Indeks Warna ......................................................... 36 2.3.3

Sifat Fisik Batuan Reservoir Panas bumi ................................... 37

2.3.3.1 Densitas Batuan ............................................................................. 37 2.3.3.2 Porositas ......................................................................................... 37 2.3.3.3 Wettabilitas .................................................................................... 38 2.3.3.4 Tekanan Kapiler ........................................................................... 39 2.3.3.5 Saturasi .......................................................................................... 42 2.3.3.6 Permeabilitas ................................................................................. 43 2.3.3.7 Spesifik Panas Batuan .................................................................. 45 2.3.3.8 Konduktivitas Panas Batuan........................................................ 45 2.4

Karakteristik Fluida Reservoir Panasbumi ....................................... 46

2.4.1

Komposisi Kimia Fluida Reservoir Panas bumi ........................ 47

2.4.1.1 Berdasarkan Anion dan Kation ................................................... 47 2.4.1.2 Berdasarkan Kandungan Air dan Impuritis .............................. 50 2.4.2

Sifat Fisik Fluida Reservoir Panas bumi .................................... 53

2.4.2.1 Densitas Fluida .............................................................................. 53 2.4.2.2 Tegangan Permukaan ................................................................... 59 2.4.2.3 Viskositas ....................................................................................... 61 2.4.2.4 Spesifik Volume ............................................................................. 64 2.5

Thermodinamika Reservoir Panas bumi ........................................... 65

2.5.1

Energi Dalam (Internal Energy)................................................... 65

2.5.2

Enthalpy ......................................................................................... 66

2.5.3

Entropy .......................................................................................... 67

2.6

Kondisi Reservoir Panas bumi ............................................................ 68

2.6.1

Tekanan Reservoir Panas bumi ................................................... 68

2.6.1.1 Tekanan Overburden ................................................................... 69 2.6.1.2 Tekanan Hidrostatik ..................................................................... 69 2.6.1.2.1 2.6.2

Tekanan Formasi ....................................................................... 70 Temperatur Reservoir Panas bumi ............................................. 70

2.6.2.1 Temperatur Rendah ..................................................................... 72

vi

2.6.2.1.1 2.7

Temperatur Tinggi .................................................................... 74

Jenis Reservoir Panas bumi ................................................................. 77

2.7.1

Berdasarkan Sumber Panas ......................................................... 78

2.7.1.1 Sistem Hidrothermal ..................................................................... 78 2.7.1.2 Sistem Hot Dry Rock ..................................................................... 79 2.7.1.3 Sistem Magmatik ........................................................................... 80 2.7.1.4 Sistem Geopressure ........................................................................ 80 2.7.2

Berdasarkan Fasa Fluida ............................................................. 81

2.7.2.1 Reservoir Satu Fasa ...................................................................... 81 2.7.2.2 Reservoir Dua Fasa ....................................................................... 82 2.7.2.3 Reservoir Superheated Steam ....................................................... 84 2.7.3

Berdasarkan Temperatur............................................................. 84

2.7.3.1 Semi-Thermal Field ....................................................................... 84 2.7.3.2 Hyper-Thermal Field ..................................................................... 85 2.7.4

Berdasarkan Jenis Fluida Reservoir ........................................... 87

2.7.4.1 Air Klorida ..................................................................................... 87 2.7.4.2 Air Asam Sulfat ............................................................................. 88 2.7.4.3 Air Bikarbonat .............................................................................. 88 2.7.5

Berdasarkan Entalphi................................................................... 88

2.7.5.1 Entalphi Rendah ........................................................................... 88 2.7.5.2 Entalphi Menengah ....................................................................... 89 2.7.5.3 Entalphi Tinggi .............................................................................. 89 2.8

Manifestasi Panas Bumi Dipermukaan .................................................. 89

2.8.1

Tanah Hangat (Warm Ground) ........................................................ 90

2.8.2

Tanah dengan Uap Panas (Hot Steaming Ground) ....................... 90

2.8.3

Kolam Air Panas (Hot Pools) ........................................................... 91

2.8.4

Telaga Air Panas (Hot Lakes) .......................................................... 92

2.8.5

Mata Air Panas (Hot Springs) .......................................................... 92

2.8.6

Fumarole ............................................................................................ 92

2.8.7

Geysers................................................................................................ 93

2.8.8

Kubangan Lumpur Panas Lumpur (Mud Pool) ............................ 94

2.8.9

Batuan Alterasi ................................................................................. 94

vii

BAB III ................................................................................................................. 95 DASAR TEORI ................................................................................................... 95 3.1

Operasi Pemboran ................................................................................... 95

3.2

Sistem Pengangkat (Hoisting System) ..................................................... 95

3.3

Sistem Pemutar (Rotary System) ........................................................... 107

3.4

Sistem sirkulasi (Circulating system) .................................................... 120

3.5

Sistem Pencegahan Sembur Liar (BOP System).................................. 127

3.6

Sistem Tenaga (Power System) .............................................................. 131

3.7

Steam Field System ................................................................................. 134

3.7.1

Sumur ............................................................................................... 135

3.7.2

Kepala Sumur ................................................................................. 135

3.7.3

Separator ......................................................................................... 136

3.7.4

Silencer (AFT) ................................................................................. 137

3.7.5

Pond .................................................................................................. 138

3.7.6

Pipa Steam dan Pipa Brine ............................................................. 138

3.7.7

Sumur Injeksi .................................................................................. 139

3.8

Komponen Distribusi Steam Dan Brine ............................................... 140

3.8.1

Brine Pump ...................................................................................... 140

3.8.2

Booster Pump ................................................................................... 140

3.8.3

Weir Box ........................................................................................... 141

3.8.4

By Pass Valve ................................................................................... 141

3.9

Komponen Pembangkit Tenaga listrik ................................................ 142

3.9.1

Turbin .............................................................................................. 142

3.9.2

Generator ......................................................................................... 142

3.9.3

Main Condensor.............................................................................. 143

3.9.4

Cooling Tower .................................................................................. 143

3.9.5

Scrubber ........................................................................................... 144

3.9.6

Demister ........................................................................................... 144

3.9.7

Rock Muffler .................................................................................... 145

3.9.8

Hot Well Pump ................................................................................. 146

3.9.9

After Cooler ...................................................................................... 146

3.9.10

Intercondensor ................................................................................. 147

viii

3.9.11

Govenor ............................................................................................ 148

3.9.12

Steam Injector .................................................................................. 149

3.9.13

Blow Down Pump ............................................................................ 149

3.10

Komponen Pendukung .......................................................................... 150

3.10.1

Acid Pump ........................................................................................ 150

3.10.2

Seal Water Pump.............................................................................. 150

3.10.3

Valve ................................................................................................. 151

3.11

Brine Management System ..................................................................... 152

3.11.1

Hot Brine System ............................................................................. 152

3.11.2

Cold Brine System ............................................................................ 152

3.12

Separator................................................................................................. 156

3.12.1

Klasifikasi Separator ...................................................................... 156

3.12.2

Berdasarkan Bentuk Separator ..................................................... 156

3.12.3

Berdasarkan Pemisahan Fasa ....................................................... 159

3.12.4

Berdasarkan Tekanan Kerja ......................................................... 160

3.13

Bagian-Bagian Utama Separator .......................................................... 161