Protozoa- Canvas- Notes PDF

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Summary

ProtozoaIntroductionProtozoa are unicellular animals consisting of a nucleus , or nuclei and cytoplasm. The nucleus of some species ismerely a mass of chromatin. In others, it consists of a nuclear membrane containing the nuclear sap in which thekaryosome is found. The nucleus is concerned with mult...

Description

CALALO Protozoa Introduction

Amoeba and Ciliate

Protozoa are unicellular animals consisting of a nucleus, or nuclei and cytoplasm. The nucleus of some species is

Introduction

merely a mass of chromatin. In others, it consists of a nuclear membrane containing the nuclear sap in which the karyosome is found. The nucleus is concerned with multiplication; the morphological structure of the nucleus is used in the identification of a number of protozoa.!

The most important feature that separates amoebas from the group from the other groups of unicellular Protozoa is the means by which they move. Amoebas are equipped with with the ability to extend their cytoplasm in form of pseudopods (often referred to as false feet), which allows them to move within the environment. With one exception,

The cytoplasm is differentiated into an inner portion, the endoplasm, and an outer layer, the ectoplasm. The endoplasm is of syrupy consistency and represents the viscera of the organism. It is concerned with nutrition. It

there are two morphologic forms in the amoebic life cycle - trophozoites, the form that feeds, multiplies, and possesses pseudopods, and cysts the nonfeeding stage characterized by a thick protective wall designed to protect

may contain ingested materials which may be found within food vacuoles. Contractile vacuoles, which occur in some protozoa, are believed to eliminate waste products.

the parasite from the harsh outside environment when deemed necessary.

The ectoplasm is a dense, resilient structure. It performs the function of the skin (protection), the limbs (locomotion), the mouth (ingestion of food), and excretory organs of the larger animals. Locomotion is accomplished by ectoplasmic organelles.! The amoebas move by means of ectoplasmic protrusions, i.e., pseudopodia.The flagellates move by means of long, thread-like filaments, i.e. flagella. The ciliates move by means of hair-like filaments, i.e. cilia. The sporozoans are protozoans which have a sexual stage in their life cycle. Some species of protozoa encyst, i.e., the ectoplasm, is modified into resistant cyst wall.!

For a detailed pictures of the different diagnostic stages of the different amoeba and ciliate, please download the pdf/ presentation below:

E. histolytica

E. coli

Trophozoite Conspicuously granular

Granular

Cytoplasm

Clear finger-like

Pseudopodia

Blunt

Active Purposeful

Movement

Sluggish not purposeful

Generally invisible

Nucleus

Ring refractile granules with eccentric karyosome

Red blood cells (RBCs)

Inclusions

Vacuoles, crystals, vegetable cells, no RBCs

Protozoa Parasitic in Man Intestinal/Atrial Protozoa

AMOEBA

ATRIAL FLAGELLATES

FLAGELLATES

Blood Protozoa

Entamoeba histolytica! Entamoeba coli! Endolimax nana! Iodamoeba butschlii! Entamoeba gingivalis

Giardia lamblia! Dientamoeba fragilis! Chilomastix mesnili! Trichomonas hominis! Enteromonas hominis! Retortamonas intestinalis! Trichomonas tenax! Trichomonas vaginalis

CILIATE

Balantidium coli

SPOROZOA

Toxoplasma gondii! Cyclospora cayetanensis! Cryptosporidium parvum! Cytoisospora belli! Sarcocystis hominis

BLOOD AND TISSUE FLAGELLATES

Leishmania donovani! Leishmania braziliensis! Leishmania tropica! Trypanosoma cruzi! Trypanosoma brucei gambiense! Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Plasmodium falciparum! Plasmodium vivax! Plasmodium ovale! Plasmodium malariae! Plasmodium knowlesi! Babesia microti

Precyst and urine cyst Granular

Cytoplasm

Granular

May be refractile ring

Nucleus

Rod-like refractile chromidial bars! Glycogen masses

Inclusions

Round

Shape

Round

Refractile

Nucleus

Conspicous refractile double outline

1-4 refractile nuclei with central karyosome

Nuclei

Refractile chromidial bars often present

Inclusions

Visible as refractile ring May be slender refractile chromidial bars! Glycogen masses

Ripe cyst

1-8 refractile nuclei with eccentric karyosome

Only rudimentary slender chromidial bars

CALALO

Vegetative forms (trophozoite) Entamoeba coli

Endolimax nana

Iodamoeba butschii

Dientamoeba fragilis

Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba dispar

Entamoeba hartmanni

Size

15-50 um

8-10 um

8-20 um

5-12 um

15-60 um

15-60 um

15-60 um

Motility

Sluggish

Sluggish

Fairly active

Very active

Very active

Active

Active

Little

Little

Little

Abundant

Abundant

Abundant

Abundant

Blunt, mainly granular

Blunt, mainly granular

Blunt, clear

Leaf-like, clear

Finger-like clear

Finger-like clear

Finger-like clear

Ingested RBcs

No Ingested RBcs

No Ingested RBcs

Generally invisible

Generally invisible

Generally invisible

Ectoplasm Psedupodia Endoplasm

All have granular cytoplasm with foof particles, bacteria, crystals, vegetable cells, often in vacuoles. No ingested RBCs

Nucleus

Ring of refractive dots

Generally invisible

Generally invisible

Two, collection of dots

Precyst (round up, discharge food particles, bacteria, etc.) Glycogen Chromidial bars

Often prominent vacuole

Rare

Conspicuous

None

Diffuse, soon disappears

Diffuse, soon disappears

Diffuse, soon disappears

Rarely seen

Rare

None

None

Large refractile bars

Large refractile bars

Large refractile bars

CALALO Cysts Entamoeba coli

Endolimax nana

Iodamoeba butschii

10-33 um

5-14 um

5-18 um

Spherical, oval

Oval

Irregular

Thick

Thin

Diffuse central

Chromidial bars Nuclei nymbers

Size Shape Wall Glycogen

Dientamoeba fragilis

Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba dispar

Entamoeba hartmanni

10-20 um

10-20 um

8-10 um

Spherical

Spherical

Spherical

Thin

Thin

Thin

Thin

None

Well-defined vacuoles

Sometimes persists

Sometimes persists

Sometimes persists

Not usual

None

None

Sometimes present

Sometimes present

Sometimes present

1-8

4 (at one end)

1 only

1-4

1-4

1-4

NONE

Atrial & Luminal Flagellates and Hemoflagellates

Balantidium coli Cyst

Trophozoite

Double cysts wall

Introduction Flagellates !

Cytosome

phylum Protozoa ! subphylum Mastigophora. ! The flagellates can be categorized into two: intestinal and atrial.#

Cilia

Intestinal are those found/resides in the intestine while atrial are those that can be found in other areas other than the blood (oral Macronucleus

cavity, vagina, etc.) Members of the clinically significant group of parasites located in the blood and tissue that move by means of flagella belong to the genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma. Transmission of all hemoflagellates are vector borne. The difference between the two

Macronucleus

Vacuole

Vacuole

genera lies on the diagnostic stage that can be detected in the blood of infected patients. Amastigote is the diagnostic stage for Leishmania while trypomastigotes for Trypanosoma (except

CALALO Atrial & Luminal Flagellates and Hemoflagellates

Giardia intestinalis

Dientamoeba fragilis

Trophozoite

Cyst

Trichomonas spp. Trophozoite

Trophozoite Cytoplasm

Nuclei

Nucleus

Nuclei

Median bodies

Cytoplasm Posterior axostyle

Axostyle

Cyst wall Nuclei Median bodies

Axonemes Flagella

Undulating membrane

Chromatin granules

Chilomastix mesnili Cyst

Hemoflagellates

Trophozoite Clear hyaline knob

Tripomastigote Amastigote

Undulating membrane

Nucleus Nucleus

Eccentric karyosome

Nucleus Nucleus

Curved posture

Kinetoplast Cytosome

Flagellum Kinetoplast

CALALO

Sporozoa Developing trophozoites

P. vivax

Introduction Malaria and Babesiosis refers to the disease process resulting from the infections of parasites belonging

P. malariae

P. falciparum

P. ovale

to the phylum Apicomplexa. Their respective genera are Plasmodium and Babesia. Both genera of parasites belong to the class of parasites that have no obvious structures for the purpose of motility, known as sporozoa. The most clinically relevant organisms belonging to this genera of this discussion are Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi and Babesia microti.

Size

1/3 RBC

Up to 1/3 RBC

1/3 RBC

1/3 RBC

Shape

Delicate ring

Compact ring

Very delicate ring

Dense ring

Chromatin

Fine dot

One mass ofte inside ring

Fine dots, frequently two

Dense, well defined mass

Accole forms*

Sometimes

None

Frequent

None

Pigment

None at this stage

May be present

None at this stage

None at this stage

Multiple parasitized cells

Sometimes

Rare

Frequently with high parasitaemia

Rare

Developing trophozoites

P. vivax

P. malariae

P. falciparum

P. ovale

Size

Large

Small, but appears large relative to size of RBC

Small

Small

Shape

Very irregular, amoeboid

Compact, band forms

Compact, with cytoplasmic vacuolation

Compact

Chromatin

Dots or threads

Prominent, often as a band

Dots or threads

Large irregular clumps

Fine

Coarse

Coarse

Coarse

Yellow

Dark brown

Black

Dark yellow brown

Medium

Abundant

Medium

Medium

Immature schizonts

P. vivax

P. malariae

P. falciparum

P. ovale

Pigment texture Color quantity Distribution

Scattered fine particles

Scattered clumps and rods

Aggregated in one or two clumps

Size

Almost fills RBC

Almost fills RBC

Almost fills RBC

Almost fills RBC

Shape

Somewhat amoeboid

Compact

Compact

Compact

Chromatin

Numerous irregular masses

Few irregular masses

irregular masses

Few irregular masses

Pigment

Scattered

Scattered

Single clump

Scattered

Scattered coarse particles

CALALO Mature schizonts MACROgametes (female)

P. vivax

Size

P. malariae

P. falciparum

P. ovale

fills RBC

Nearly fills RBC

Nearly fills RBC

Fills 3/4 RBC

Segmented

Segmented daisy head

Segmented

Segmented

6-12

8-32

Time of appearance

Shape

Number in bloodstream

P. vivax

P. malariae

P. falciparum

P. ovale

3-5 days

7-14 days

7-12 days

12-14 days

Many

Scanty

Many

Scanty

Merozoites Size — range — mean — size

Pigment

14-24 16

8

24

8

Medium

Large

Small

Large

Aggregated in centre (yellow brown)

Aggregated in centre (dark brown)

Aggregated in centre (black)

Aggregated in centre (dark yellow brown)

Number in bloodstream

P. vivax

P. malariae

P. falciparum

P. ovale

3-5 days

7-14 days

7-12 days

12-14 days

Many

Scanty

Many

Scanty

Size

3/4 fills RBC

Shape

Round or oval compact

Round compact

Kidney shaped, bluntly round ends

Round compact

Cytoplasm

Pale blue

Pale blue

Reddish blue

Pale blue

Chromatin

Single chromatin mass

As for P. vivax

Fine granules scattered throughout

As for P. vivax

Abundant brown granules throughout

As for P. vivax

Dark granules througout

As for P. vivax

Pigment

Shape

1/2 to 2/3 fills RBC

Larger than RBC

1/2 to 2/3 fills RBC

Round or oval compact

Round compact

Larger than RBC

1/2 to 2/3 fills RBC

Chromatin

1/2 to 2/3 fills RBC

Crescentic-sharply rounded or pointed ends

Round compact

Dark blue$

Cytoplasm

Pigment

MICROgametes (male)

Time of appearance

3/4 fills RBC

6-12

Compact peripheral mass

As for P. vivax

Compact masses near center

As for P. vivax

Small masses round periphery

As for P. vivax

Black, rod-like granules round nucleus

As for P. vivax...