PS 210 Exam 1 - class notes PDF

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1.23.18 Characteristics and Historical Origins of the Modern State What is comparative politics? ● Politics within other countries (not the US) Why do we study comparative politics? ● To gain a better understanding ● Solve problems before they come about How do we study comparative politics? ● Single case studies ● Comparative method ● Statistical analysis Three Questions ● Who rules ● The political behavior ● Where and why do we see these things What is a State ● An ongoing administrative apparatus that develops and administers laws and generates and implements public policies in a specific territory ● Nation is a group of people who perceive themselves as sharing a sense of belonging and common language , culture and traditions ○ Nation-State is a term to describe a combination of a nation and a state ■ There can be stateless nations or nationless state ■ Ex: France ● Government/administration is a temporary occupant of the ongoing apparatus of the state Characteristics of the Modern State: Territory ● An area with clearly defined borders to which a state lays claim ● Territories can range from the smallest seven states (have less than 200 sq. mi. Of territory each) to Russia ( over 6.5 million sq. mi. Of territory making it the geographically largest state ● Only are in the world not enclosed by borders is Antarctica ● Borders can change ○ Kosovo (2008) ○ South Sudan (2011) ● Borders are not always agreed upon

○ India and Pakistan still dispute the placement of their borders in the region of Kashmir ■ Despite the partition of India in 1948 made by Britain ■ 3 wars have been fought over borders ○ Several states are not recognized Characteristics of the Modern State: Sovereignty ● Quality of a state in which it is legally recognized by the family of states as the sole legitimate governing authority within its territory and as the legal equal of other states ○ Monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force ● External sovereignty is relative to outside powers that are legally recognized in international law ● UN Charter Article 2 (4) ● Internal sovereignty is the recognition that the state is the sole authority within the territory ○ Relation of state to the people within the state Internal vs. External Sovereignty: Somaliland ● 1991 the Somali dictator fell ● Not recognized by others so they have no external sovereignty ● Consider themselves a seperate part of Somalia ○ Held elections in 2005 and 2010 Characteristics of the Modern State: Legitimacy ● The recognized right ot rule ● Enhances internal sovereignty ○ All states are too large for the state apparatus to control the state on its own ○ Cannot use force alone because of size ● Two sides of the right to rule ○ Claims made by states and others that the state is legitimate ○ The acceptance, tolerance or rejection of these clais by the citizens of the state in question (the reaction) ■ Ex: Taliban ● Types of legitimacy ○ Traditional legitimacy: the right to rule based on society;s long-standing patterns and practices ■ Europe’s divine right of kings ■ Pre Colonial Africa;s blessings of ancestors ○ Charismatic legitimacy: the right ot rule based on

personal virtue, heroism, sanctity or other extraordinary characteristics; often seen as the basis of legitimacy of popular leaders of revolutions ■ Mao Zedong - Chinese revolutionary leader ■ George Washington? ○ Rational-legal legitimacy: the right of leaders to rule based on their selection according to an accepted set of laws, standards or procedures ■ Leaders of democracies are the most notable examples of rational-legal legitimacy ○ If states closely overlap with nations, national identity can be used as a source of legitimacy, but this is generally not enough in a modern state and it will not work in multinational states Characteristics of the Modern State: Bureaucracy ● A large set of appointed officials whose function is to implement the laws of the state as directed by the executive ● Collect revenue ● Naitian a military ● Pave roads ● Build schools ● Provide social welfare benefits ● An effective bureaucracy helps with internal sovereignty Historical Origins of the Modern State ● Leading to variation in the strength of modern states and their relationship with their citizens ● Modern states emerged in Europe ○ 15th century ○ Spread via conquest, colonialism and decolonization Modern States in Europe ● Feudal states were around in Europe before 1500 ○ Power over the territories divided among multiple lords claiming sovereignty ● Feudalism gave way to absolutism ○ Single monarch claimed complete exclusive power ○ Lead to competition between absolutist states ● Leaders began promotion policies to gain loyalty and increase legitimacy ● Liberalism spread in Europe starting in 1688 ○ Glorious Revolution in Great Britain The Export of the Modern state

● Began with the americas in the 16th century ○ Europeans exported the modern state through colonial conquest ● European settlers questioned the legitimacy of leaders far away ○ Rebellions began ● Europeans began colonizing Asia and Africa ○ Trying to “advance” the “backward” (savage) people ● Colonized people were educated ● Postcolonial countries struggles in regard to internal sovereignty and legitimacy ○ Generally had external sovereignty and a minimal bureaucracy ● Borders and institutions set up by colonizers had little relation to pre colonial political boundaries ● National identity and political loyalty were often divided among numerous groups in the newly independent states ○ Large disparities in wealth, education and access to power between elites chosen by former colonizers ○ Conflicts led to weak versions of modern states Is ISIS a State? ● Can they be a state and a terrorist group? ● June 29, 2014: the head of the Islamic State in iraq and alSham declared the creation of the new Islamic State ● Territory: ISIS controls large parts of Syria and Iraq with up to 6 million people living there ○ Ongoing civil war in Syria however -> cannot effectively take back control ○ Efforts have been made but neither government is powerful enough ● Internal Sovereignty: set up an impressive system ○ 20 provinces each with its own leadership ● External Sovereignty: where they are lacking ○ Waging war in Syria and Iraq ○ Not recognized by other states or the UN ○ But they don’t WANT recognition ■ They don’t consider the UN legitimate ○ Bureaucracy: has established schools, clinics and courts ■ Trying to regulate currency and issue identification documents

○ Legitimacy: based on religion, claims to excuse extreme violence against any who oppose it 1.25.18 Strong, Weak and Failed States; Case Studies of Failed Developments Failed States in the Media ● North Korea ● Mexico ● Yemen ● Brazil ● Somalia ● United States ● Pakistan ● Iraq ● Afghanistan ● Syria Definition of State -> Meaning ● Modern state is an ideal type ○ Never occurs in the real world ○ How well real-world states can effectively provide political goods to their citizens ■ Security ■ Rule of law ■ Functioning legal system ■ Infrastructure ● Strong states can provide for all citizens ○ Weak states can provide to some citizens ○ Ex: bridges getting torn down by natural disaster and not being rebuilt ● Failed states provide for no one ○ Lose effective sovereignty over part or all of its territory ○ Will not get any goods from their government What Makes a State Strong ● No solution to state weakness ○ Multi-casual ● Able to make independent policy decisions based on interests of citizens ○ Wealthier and consume a larger share of economic

resources ○ Less corrupt ● Political scientists argue the strength comes from the path to modern statehood ○ Another theory: resource curse ■ When the state relies one resource for most of its revenue ■ State ignores their citizens Weak or Failed States and the International Community ● 20th century emergence of the international norm has decreased ○ Weak states have been overtaken by stronger neighbors ○ Proliferation of quasi-states (states with legal sovereignty and international recognition but lack domestic attributes of a functioning state) ● US and Soviet Union provided financial support to nondemocratic and weak states who took their side during the Cold War ○ Support ended when the rivalry ended ○ The international community is more concerned about state building since the Cold War ended ● Due to negative consequences of weak or failed states, problems have occured ○ Spread of illegal arms, contagious diseases, terrorists and illicit drugs ● Strong states are concerned with the spread of democracy since the Cold War ended ○ Undermined by poor economic growth and political instability often found in weak or failed states Measuring a State’s Strength ● Fragile State Index: index calculated every year by the Fund for Peace ○ US based think tank ● FSI assesses the likelihood that states experience collapse or internal conflict ○ All states in the UN are based on the scores ● 12 indicators for the FSI ● Each state is scored on a 0-10 scale ○ 0 least fragile -> most stable ○ Index score is then between 0-120 ○ States are categorized as being sustainable, stable,

warning or alert status based on their score Failed States By Media (and their scores) ● Somalia:113.4 (2nd) ● Yemen:111.1 (4th) ● Syria:110.6 (6th) ● Afghanistan:107.3 (9th) ● Iraq:105.4 (10th) ● Pakistan:98.9 (17th) ● North Korea:93.3 (30th) ● Mexico: 74.3 (88th) ● Brazil:68.2 (110th) ● United States:35.6 (158th) Case Study: Germany ● 1862: Chancellor Otto von Bismarck came to power ○ Controlled what was known as Prussia ● 1871: united Germany was announced ● 1900: Germany became an industrial powerhouse ○ Colonized parts of Africa ● 1918: the Social Democratic Party declared a democratic republic ● 1932: Hitler became Chancellor ○ Eliminated democratic processes in 1933 ● 1945: divided by Allied forces into E Germany ○ Allied with Soviet Union ● 1945: divided by Allied forces into W Germany ○ Allied with US, England and France ● 1989-1990: Germany reunited with the fall of the Berlin Wall ○ Used old W German constitution ● Involved in European integration ○ First as W Germany then as one ● Today: measured by the FSI as group grievance and uneven economic development ○ E Germany produced the two biggest challenges for Germany’s strength ○ Problems with immigration Case Study: Japan ● 1603: Tokugawa Leyasu claimed the title of Shogun and est sovereignty over territory ● 1853: American warships forced Japan to open to the West ● 1867: Meiji Restoration returned the Emperor to symbolic power

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○ Military and bureaucratic elites under control of government 1889: first written constitution was enacted Post-WWI: military began reasserting power over parliament and pushing a more imperialist foreign policy 1945: American occupation led to the formation of a new constitution ○ Creation of a liberal democracy ○ Bureaucracy was the only existing institution that survived Economic stagnation combined with rapidly aging population ○ Let Japan’s greatest challenge in demographic pressures Studies -> Online

1.30.18 Citizenship and Civil Society Citizenship ● Citizen ○ Different every state ■ Different rights and duties ○ Three ways to become a citizen of a state ■ Jus soli ■ Jus sanguinis ■ Naturalization Citizens’ Rights ● Civil Rights ○ Civil liberties in American politics ● Political Rights ● Social Rights ● Not all rights are perfectly exercised everywhere Civil Society ● Sphere of organized, non governmental, nonviolent activity by groups larger than individual families or firms ● Vili society exists outside both the realm of government and the realm of business ● Includes political groups, interest groups, social groups, religious organizations and labor unions ● Not inherently political or apolitical Bowling Alone by Robert Putnam ● Decline in membership in civic groups as problematic for

democracy ● Technology is causing us to be more individual -> be more alone -> isolation ● Decline in social capitol stops the political participation ○ Less trusting in government ● Criticisms ○ Technology doesn’t play a role ○ Civic activity changed not declined ○ Social ties change generationally Documentary ● Turkmenbashi(don’t know how to spell)of Turkmenistan ● Can’t make a film of the land ● Hotel room is bugged but hotel is nice ● President dies his hair? ● Marble buildings from Italy ● Can’t take a picture of president’s palace ● Statue of Turkmen in a superman cape ○ Made so it always has the sun on it ● Statue of the president book ○ Thoughts of him ○ Must be able to answer questions from the book to get your license ○ Called Ruhnama ○ Got blasted into space ○ School kids have to past tests of the book ○ Crossword puzzles from the book in the newspaper ● Turkmenbashi vodka and other president gear ○ Like a celebrity ● President has banned dogs ○ Car radios ○ Ballet ○ Makeup ■ Women are “too beautiful” they “don’t need makeup” ● Museum dedicated to the Turkmen carpet ● Giant puppet theatre ● Citizens lie about life ● President has family killed and was taken in by communists as a young child ○ Slowly became dictator ○ Started off as secretary of the people ● Whole chapter in book about how important it is to smile

○ Smiling faces hide so much ● Child labor has been banned ● Death penalty is banned ● 1995: never go to war and never choose a side of someone in a war ● Health day -> health walk ○ Walk up and down the giant steps ○ President's cabinet has to go up twice a year ○ 8 km walk Vocabulary ● Citizen:member of a political community or state with certain rights and duties ● Jus soli: birthright citizenship; the right anyone born in a territory of a state to nationality or citizenship regardless of parents’ citizenship status ● Jus sanguinis: “right of blood”; the right of citizenship by having one or both parents who are citizens of the state, regardless of place of birth ● Naturalization: the process by which a non-citizen in a state may acquire citizenship ● Civil Rights: rights that guarantee individual freedom as well as equal, just and fair treatment by the state ● Political Rights: rights associated with active political participation, such as free association, voting and running for office ● Social Rights: rights related to basic well-being and socioeconomic equality 2.8.18 Group Identities Review ● Primordialism vs. Constructivism ○ Primordialism doesn’t change, the groups start off and end the same ○ Constructivism changes, the group alters over time ● Demands of identity groups ○ Recognition ■ Having a state that recognizes your state ○ Economy

■ Limited self rule ○ Socioeconomic and social status ● Nations ○ A group that seeks to control a state ○ All groups are imagine communities ○ Nationalism wants their own state but identity groups want to be apart of another state Ethnicity ● Group of people who see themselves as united by one of more cultural attributes or a sense of common history but do not see themselves as a nation seeking its own state ● Perception of the members really matters ● Family of languages ○ 1990s more introvert tension ○ Arguing and making more distinction in their languages ○ German has gone through many nations due to Nazi Germany take over ● Recognition is the political goal ○ Official support for cultural events ○ School instruction in their language ○ Official recognition of their language as one of the nation languages ○ Inclusion of the ethnic group’s history in the national history curriculum ○ Regional autonomy ■ If ethnic group is geographically concentrated ● Ethnicity is not always politically salient ○ Why ethnicity becomes politically salient ● Leaders may be tempted to use ethnicity as a tool due to its potential strength ○ constructivist s point out that context matters and leaders cannot do this whenever they feel it would be politically advantageous ● Ethnic mobilization is often seen in both groups that have faces a history of discrimination and groups who have a relatively high level of wealth based on natural resources Race ● Group of people defined by common physical characteristics ● Distinction between a race and an ethnic group may be clear ○ The creation of a consistent definition has been more difficult

○ Ethnic groups may share perceived physical similarities byt emphasize shared cultural tradition s ■ Opposite of race groups ○ The origin of the identity is the most common distinction ● Based on perception ○ Like ethnicity ○ Vary over time and place Religion ● Group identity ● Ethnic groups can be applied to religious groups ● You can change religions (if not politically motivated) ○ Unlike ethnic groups ● Recognition of religious holidays ● Recognition of school ● Laïcité ○ version of secularism that advocates for no role in the public realm for religion ● Neutral state model ○ version of secularism in which the state is neutral about religion ■ Not opposed to it ● Positive accommodation ○ version of secularism in which the state is neutral among but willing to support religions that it recognizes as important elements of civil society Gender and Secual Orientation ● Movements in the West for women’s and gay rights emerged in the 1960s ● Challenges arise due to social ties ● We see connections between these groups and other groups ● Private sphere ○ Government stopping at the bedroom door ○ Separation from what is public and what is private ■ What a man does with his wife is his business ● Family law ○ Divorce ○ Buy property ● LGBTQ face laws ciminalizing their behavior ○ Repeals of laws is the fir nst priority of the movement ○ Next is anti discrimination

2.13.18 Exam Review Chapter 1 ● Introduction to comparative politics ○ Basic theories ● Research methods ○ Single case study ■ One state ○ Comparative method ■ Comparing case studies ■ Handful of cases to look at ● 10 or less ○ Quantitative statistical techniques ■ A lot of cases at the same time ■ Ex: all states in the world ■ Ex: only UN states ● Empirical vs normative theories ○ Normative is in form of policy prescriptions ■ Less frequently used in political science ○ Empirical is “normal” science ● Big issues in comparative politics ○ Political development ○ Regime type and change ○ Policy making ○ Participation ○ Representation ○ Political economy ● Three big questions ○ What explains political behavior ○ Who rules ○ When and why ● Interest-based theories ○ Rational choice theory ○ Psychological theories ● Belief-based theories ○ Political culture and socialization ■ More static ○ Political discourse ■ Analysis focusing on the discourse in political

forums ○ Political ideology ■ We have set beliefs ● Structure-based theories ○ Marxism ○ Institutionalism ○ Rational choice institutionalism ○ Historical institutionalism Chapter 2 ● States ● Nation-states ● Regime ● government/administration ● Characteristics of the modern state ○ Territory ○ Sovereignty ○ Legitimacy ○ Bureaucracy ● State strength ○ Ability of the state to deliver political goods ○ Weak states cannot or will not support and provide for all their citizens ● International community’s focus (or lack thereof) on state strength ● Resource curse ● Fragile state index ○ Indicators ○ FBI scale ● Case studies in state formation ○ Germany ○ Japan ○ Brazil ○ India ○ Iran ○ Nigeria Chapter 3 ● Civil society ○ Non governmental non business ○ Political groups ○ Social groups ○ Religious groups

○ Interest groups ● Putnam’s theory of civic decline ● The Happy Dictator ● Liberal democracy ○ Dahl’s eight key guarantees ● Communism ○ History of communist regimes -> 1917-2018 ● Fascism ○ Ideological roots ○ Emergence of neo fascism ● Electoral authoritarianism ○ Differences between electoral authoritarianism and liberal democracy ○ Historical emergence ● Military regimes ○ Claims to legitimacy ○ Geographic emergence ● Theocratic regimes ○ Claims to legitimacy ○ History of religion and theocracy Chapter 4 ● Construction of identity groups ○ Primordialism ○ Social construction ● Demands of identity groups ○ Recognition ○ Autonomy ○ Representation and full participation ○ Better social status ● Huntington's Clash of Civilizations ● Policies to resolve identity-based conflicts ○ Assimilation ○ Mu...