PSC 135 - Final Exam Questions PDF

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1. The view developed by Marie Jean Pierre Flourens, based on the idea that processes like language and memory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions, was known as ________. aggregate field theory 2. According to the Wernicke-Litchheim-Geschwind model, individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more difficulty with ________, whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with ________. production of language / perception of language 3. Two main types of projections extend from the cell body of a neuron. ________ receive inputs from other neurons, while ________ send information to other neurons dendrites / axons 4. In most cases, within a neuron the transmission of information is ________, while between neurons, the transmission of information is ________. electrical / chemical 5. During electrotonic, or decremental conduction, the distance covered by an ionic current will be affected by all of the following factors EXCEPT _____________. the frequency of the action potential generation 6. Which of the following is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system? spinal cord 7. All of the following are advantages of a folded cerebral cortex EXCEPT________. the need for blood vasculature in the cortex is eliminated 8. Frontal lobe functions include all the following: memory, emotion, motor control, decision making, executive control. True 9. Broca and Wernicke held different beliefs from each other about whether or not cognitive functions were localized in the brain. False 10. All of the following terms refer to the same cortical region EXCEPT: primary vestibular cortex 11. Feedback projections from visual cortex via the thalamic reticular nucleus to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are ________ and ________ LGN relay cells. Inhibitory / Excite 12. Areas of the brain where neural activity is relatively high are characterized by___________. all of the above? 13. The technique known as TMS can be used to induce virtual (temporary) lesions in healthy humans by causing __________. abnormal firing and synchrony in neurons 14. A good tool for studying the time course of neural activity in human is_____. EEG 15. The best tool for studying the anatomical location(s) of brain activity is _________. fMRI

16. When large populations of neurons are relatively synchronously activated, have an open field organization, and received similar inputs (e.g., excitatory), then a field potential is generated. This is called a local field potential when recorded in the brain tissue, and a far field potential when recorded at some distance away. One example of a far field potential is a(n) _______________. neuronal spike? 17. Information from the left visual field enters the left visual cortex via the _______. optic chiasm 18. Patient who have brain damage and cannot recognize faces have __________, and those who cannot perceive motion have _________. prosopagnosia / akinetopsia (pg. 265) 19. A neuron that responds selectively to pictures of hands in macaque monkeys would be most likely to be found in the _______. temporal lobe “Other studies suggest that the visual cortex may have a region that is especially important for recognizing parts of the body. This area, at the border of the occipital and temporal cortices, is referred to as the extrastriate body area. Another region, adjacent to and partially overlapping the FFA, shows a similar preference for body parts and has been called the fusiform body area” (256). 20. Changes in single neuron firing rates in area V1 of monkeys as a function of selective attention would provide support for________. early-selection models of attention (pg. 289) 21. Bilateral simultaneous extinction of sensory stimuli in patients with hemispatial neglect means that these patients only detect a stimulus in the hemifield contralateral to the lesioned hemisphere when: the stimulus is presented and a motor response is required.ZAPS Split Brain 22. Brain damage resulting in hemispatial neglect occurs most commonly with lesions to right parietal-temporal cortex (pg. 279) 23. Covert attention is the ability to __________. attend to something without looking or turning toward it. 24. During visual selective attention, _________ processes in the frontal and parietal lobes result in ________ of relevant stimuli in the visual cortex. control / selection 25. A monkey has been trained to perform a visual spatial selective attention task. A microelectrode is placed in its visual cortex to record the activity of single neurons. When the monkey selectively attends a stimulus flashed within the recorded neuron’s receptive field, the investigator will observe that the recorded neuron’s firing rate _______. increases because attention can influence sensory processes 26. Selective attention and behavioral arousal are essentially the same things. False 27. Subthreshold electrical stimulation of the frontal eye fields (FEF) in humans or monkeys leads to _____.

(not sure) movements of the eyes to a specific location in space that is coded by those neurons 28. The dorsal attention network controls _________, while the right ventral attention network is involved in__________. voluntary attention/alerting to unexpected stimuli 29. __________ is the process of acquiring new information, while ___________ is the trace that results from this process and that can be revealed later in time. learning / memory 30. Long-term memory can best be divided into two main forms: declarative and nondeclarative 31. The concept of working memory is most closely related to _______: short-term memory 32. _______________ refers to memory about a specific event, and will typically include information about the time, place, and environmental context, etc., in which the information was learned. episodic memory 33. A dense retrograde amnesia that is time limited would most likely result from damage to the___________. all of the above 34. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the amnesia demonstrated by patients with bilateral medial temporal lobe damage (like H.M.)? they forget common facts they learned in school 35. Place cells in the rodent brain can be found in the __________. hippocampus 36. The rodent entorhinal cortex contains neurons that are known as ___________. grid cells 37. Head direction cells increase their firing rates when ____________. the animal's head points in a specific direction 38. Boundary cells fire at the edges of an area that an animal is currently located within, such as a wall, and are found in the __________ only the CA1 region of the hippocampus 39. The entorhinal cortex of rodents have two main areas, the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex: One (medial) has neurons that code spatial information with respect to the animal's position, and the other region (lateral) has neurons that code ______ in the environment. objects 40. Based on the evidence from recordings of single neurons in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in rodents by Nobel Laureates John O'Keefe, May-Brit Moser and Edvard Moser, one would predict that patients like H.M. (whose bilateral medial temporal lobes were removed) would have problems with: Spatial Memory 41. Functional MRI studies in healthy humans during learning and memory show that the hippocampus is critical for both encoding and retrieval of information. True

42. Donald O. Hebb proposed a cellular/circuit-level mechanism for memory storage that is known as Hebbian learning. It can be summarized as, "cells that fire together, wire together". This proposed mechanism was discovered in neuronal circuits, and is known as_________. postsynaptic depolarization 43. Patient “Tan” (Leborgne) studied by the 19th C neurologist Paul Broca had great difficulty in generating spontaneous speech and was unable to utter any word other than the nonsense syllable “tan.” Postmortem autopsy of Tan’s brain revealed Softening of brain tissue in the left inferior frontal cortex 44. The 19th century German neurologist Wernicke found that injury to this region of the brain resulted in poor language comprehension and nonsensical but relatively fluent speech. The left posterior superior temporal lobe 45. Which of the following sentences would a person with Broca’s aphasia be most likely to NOT understand? “The cat that was scratched by the dog needed medical attention”. 46. The left hemisphere language network involves white matter tracks connecting the temporal and frontal lobes. One dorsal track connects the posterior temporal cortex and the lateral inferior frontal cortex, and is call the ______, while the other ventral track connects more anterior and medial temporal cortex with the inferior and orbital frontal cortex, and is called the _________. arcuate fasciculus/uncinate fasciculus 47. Patients with Broca's aphasia (defined clinically by their language deficits, including apraxia of speech) will always have lesions in Brodmann's areas 44 and 45 (Broca's area). Hint: Consider the work of Dronkers at UC Davis using the lesion overlap method that we discussed in class. False 48. The most useful tool for investigating the network organization of the left perisylvian language system is: Diffusion tensor imaging 49. The visual word form area is heavily interconnected with _______________, while the fusiform face area is most heavily connected with ________________. Lateral temporal lobe / ventral and medial temporal lobe 50. Complete sectioning (cutting) of the corpus callosum leads to _________________. deafness for information processed to the right ear via headphones...