PSC 140 Exam 1 review sheet PDF

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Study guide for exam 1. Prof. Graf Estes....

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Developmental Psychology Exam 1 topics and sample questions

The topics and terms listed below come from lecture material, the textbook, supplemental readings, and videos show in class. The exam will include questions from these sources. This isn’t an exhaustive list of every idea we’ve read about or discussed, but will provide you with a general framework for guiding your studying. The items in blue reflect the headings or terms used in the textbook. Items in black occurred in lecture or in lecture and in the textbook. Themes, theories & methods (Chapter 1; 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4) Themes: nature and nurture (nativist vs. empiricist); changes over development (continuity/discontinuity--relatedness; continuous vs discontinuous change—gradual vs stagelike); children shape their own development (active child) Foundational theories and approaches: Biological, Psychodynamic, Learning, Cognitive Development, Contextual Biological (Maturational theory, Ethological theory) Critical period Psychodynamic theory (be familiar with the big influential idea, as covered in lecture; no questions about Freud terms) Psychosocial (be familiar with the basic concept about Erickson’s stages, as covered in lecture; no questions about specific stages/ages) Behaviorism Equipotentiality, influence of learning Social Cognitive theory Cognitive Development, Constructivist (Piaget’s theory; be familiar with the main organizing idea, not specific stages) Contextual/Sociocultural Modern interactionist perspective Research ethics with children, guidelines Secret of the Wild Child movie, goals of research (deprivation, critical periods), findings and interpretation of Genie’s case Methods in developmental research Research design: independent & dependent variables; correlational vs experimental; crosssectional vs longitudinal; strengths & weaknesses (e.g., cohort effects) (No questions about: Origins of a new science; Measurement in child development research; microgenetic study; longitudinal-sequential design; meta-analysis 2. Genetic bases (Chaper 2; 2.1, 2.2) Genotype, phenotype, pathways from genotype to phenotype

Biology of heredity Single gene inheritance, polygenetic inheritance Inherited vs non-inherited genetic disorders Mutations Alleles, homozygous/heterozygous, dominant/recessive Recessive inheritance of genetic disorders Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell anemia Down syndrome (Abnormal number of chromosomes; you do not need know about the characteristics of other disorders in this section) PKU Huntington’s disease Gene x environment interactions Niche-picking Reaction range Behavioral genetics: research design (twin [monozygotic/dizygotic], family, adoption studies) Monozygotic/dizygotic twins Heritability coefficient, interpretation of heritability coefficient Examples of gene x environment interactions: sex, PKU, antisocial behavior [No questions about in vitro fertilization; Genetic counseling; epigenesist, methylation; Environmental influences that make children within a family different) 3. Prenatal development & newborns (Chapter 3; 3.1, 3.2, 3.4) Stages of prenatal development: zygote, embryo, fetus Blastocyst, implantation Cell differentiation/specialization Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm Neural tube formation Spina bifida and folic acid Age of viability (timing and definition) Preterm births, physical and cognitive risks Influences on Prenatal Development, Risk Factors Teratogens Periods of vulnerability to teratogens (know the general developmental progression, you do not need to memorize the chart of body parts and weeks of vulnerability) Teratogens, examples (e.g., alcohol, illness, drugs, environmental hazards) Zika virus, microcephaly General characteristics of teratogens: sensitive periods, selective damage, sleeper effects, dose response relation Maternal nutrition Effects of prenatal environment, risk factors for prenatal development (examples of PTSD, malnutrition, severe stress, depression etc.)

Anne Murphy Paul TED talk Fetal sensory capabilities (Fetal Behavior): taste & smell, vision, touch, hearing Kisilevsky et al. article (purpose, what was manipulated, what was measured, methods, findings, implications about the beginning of learning) Fetal learning (Cat in Hat & other examples) Newborns (neonatal) reflexes, types & significance [There will not be questions from the following sections: Mother’s Age; Prenatal diagnosis & treatment; Labor & delivery, Approaches to childbirth, Adjusting to parenthood, Birth complications; Assessing the Newborn] 4. Nervous system development and physical development Chapter 4 (4.1, 4.2, 4.3) Features of Human Growth: Variations on the average profile, secular trends Brain structures (neuron, cell body, dendrites, synapse, axon, myelin sheath) Developmental processes: neurogenesis, migration, myelinization, synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning (understand explanations and timing of each) Developing brain, early specialization and role of experience Plasticity; examples of plasticity in Deaf and blind people Experience-expectant growth& experience-dependent growth (examples of each include strabismus and depth perception; instruments, taxi drivers) Critical/Sensitive periods Physical growth patterns, variation, secular growth trends Sleep and development Importance of sleep, growth hormone, developmental sleep patterns (know the general pattern, not specific hours) Sleep in adolescence, biological patterns of melatonin TEDx Troxel talk about sleep; effects of sleep deprivation; public policy implications Nutrition and development Challenges to healthy growth Malnutrition, effects on physical, cognitive, and behavioral development Interventions (treatments) for malnutrition SIDS, safe sleeping Obesity, range of influences on obesity Approaches to reducing overweight and obesity in kids [There will not be questions from the following sections: Muscles, Fat, and Bones; Breastfeeding; Adolescent growth spurt and puberty; Anorexia and bulimia; Disease; Accidents] 5. Motor development This section has not been updated to reflect this quarter’s coverage of the material (Chapter 5) Fine & gross motor skills Motor milestones (general progression; amount of variability)

Locomotion: stages, component skills; stepping, crawling, walking Maturational account, Dynamic systems theory for motor development Evidence that experience affects motor skills: enrichment & deprivation Locomotion and cognitive development How infants interpret the physical environment Reaching/grasping General characteristics of later motor development [told not on exam] Physical fitness

Sample questions 1. Which of the following directly affects the child's genotype, with no intervening pathways? A. parents' genotype B. child's phenotype C. child's environment D. child’s temperament 2. ________________ is an inherited genetic disease or disorder, whereas _______________ is a non-inherited genetic disease or disorder. A. Phenylketonuria (PKU); cystic fibrosis B. Down syndrome; Huntington’s disease C. Huntington’s disease; cystic fibrosis D. Phenylketonuria (PKU); Down syndrome 3. The idea that there are critical periods for learning in some domains emerged from a _______________ on development. A. Psychodynamic perspective B. Behaviorist perspective C. Constructivist perspective D. Biological perspective 4. In the article you read for class, Kisilevsky et al. presented fetuses with recordings of their own mothers’ voices or unfamiliar female voices. What was the dependent variable that was affected by the voice conditions? A. fetal event-related-potentials B. fetal stepping reflex C. fetal heart rate D. fetal sucking rate

5. Dawn is eight months pregnant. She is wondering whether she should read aloud during prenatal development. Based on the research findings about reading aloud during pregnancy, what would you tell her? A. Your baby can’t hear you yet. B. If you read to your baby before she’s born, she will be able to hear you but she won’t have any memory of it after she’s born. C. If you read to your baby before she’s born, not only will she hear you, but after she is born she might recognize the story you read to her in utero. D. If you read to your baby before she's born it will cause her to have higher intelligence....