PSY 125- lecture notes 2 PDF

Preview

Summary

Lifespan development notes on childhood part 2...

Description

Notes- childhood

●

Concrete operational thought involves applying logical thinking to concrete problems

●

Concrete Operational stage: 7-12 years, characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic ○

Children still cannot use abstract thinking, the problems must be concrete

○

Attain reversibility

○

Understand the relationship between time and speed

●

Decentering- ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account

●

Piaget is criticized for underestimating children’s abilities, but research suggests he is more right than wrong

●

In middle childhood, short term memory is strengthened, memory capacity increases, and metamemory emerges

●

Vygotsky’s approach emphasizes education and teaching, as well as the use of a classroom so children can try out new activities and interact with other peers ○

Cooperative learning

○

Reciprocal teaching- students “teach”

●

Vocab increases and use of pragmatics improve

●

Metalinguistic awareness- understanding of the use of one’s language

●

Language helps children control and regulate their behavior, typically through the use of self-talk

●

Fewer females receive formal education in almost all developing countries

●

English is the second language for nearly 1 in 5 Americans

●

Some advantages of bilingualism: greater metalinguistic awareness, cognitive flexibility, higher self esteem, may improve IQ scores

●

Code based (bottom up): teach reading through the use of and emphasis on phonics

●

Whole language: children learn how to read as they learn how to talk and are immersed in literature

●

Teacher expectancy effect (AKA “behavioral confirmation-bias” or the “Pygmalion Effect”)- phenomenon whereby a person’s expectations for another person actually brings about the expected behavior

●

Multicultural education- goal is to help students from different backgrounds to develop competence in both the culture of the majority group and non-majority groups, while maintaining their own original cultures

●

Cultural assimilation model- American society is viewed as a melting pot in which all cultures are unified into one American culture ○

●

Tends to benefit the white majority

Pluralistic society model- American culture is made up of diverse, coequal cultures ○

Bicultural identity- original cultural identity is maintained while there’s an integration into the majority culture

●

Binet’s Test of Intelligence: pragmatic approach to constructing intelligence tests; linked intelligence and school success; invented the concept of IQ ○

Intelligence quotient (IQ)- mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100.

●

Fluid intelligence- ability to deal with new problems

●

Crystallized intelligence- storage of information learned throughout a lifetime...