Psych 101 Chaps 11-14 - Test #4 study guide PDF

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Test #4 study guide...

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CHAPTER(11((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((STRESS(AND(HEALTH(PSYCHOLOGY(

CHAPTER(11:(STRESS(AND(HEALTH(PSYCHOLOGY( !! •

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sources!of!stress! o stress*!state!of!psychological!tension!or!strain! o stressor*!any!environmental!demand!that!creates!a!state!of!tension!or!threat!and!requires! change!or!adaptation! o adjustment*!any!effort!to!cope!with!stress! o change!! ! all!stressful!events!involve!change! o everyday!hassles! ! pressure*!a!feeling!that!one!must!speed!up,!intensify,!or!change!the!direction!of!one’s! behavior!or!live!up!to!a!higher!standard!of!performance! o frustration*!the!feeling!that!occurs!when!a!person!is!prevented!from!reaching!a!goal! ! causes!include:!!delays,!lack!of!resources,!losses,!failure! o conflict*!simultaneous!existence!of!incompatible!demands,!opportunities,!needs,!or!goals! ! Lewin!(1935)!identified!three!basic!types!of!conflict! • approach/approach(conflict*result!of!simultaneous!attraction!to!two!appealing! possibilities,!neither!of!which!has!any!negative!qualities! • avoidance/avoidance(conflict*!the!result!of!facing!a!choice!between!two! miserable!possibilities,!neither!of!which!has!any!positive!qualities! • approach/avoidance(conflict*!the!result!of!simultaneously!being!attracted!to! and!repelled!by!the!same!goal! o self*imposed!stress! ! often!results!from!people!thinking!they!need!to!be!good!at!everything!they!do,!and!the! fact!that!it’s!disastrous!if!things!don’t!go!as!planned!(things!must!go!perfectly)! o stress!and!individual!differences! ! optimists!are!better!able!to!cope!with!stressful!events!than!pessimists! ! people!with!an!internal!locus!of!control!feel!as!though!they!can!affect!situations!while! those!with!an!external!locus!of!control!are!more!likely!to!feel!helpless! ! hardiness!and!resilience! • those!with!hardiness!tolerate!stress!exceptionally!well,!or!thrive!on!it! • resilience*!ability!to!“bounce!back”!and!recover!self!confidence,!good!spirits,!and! hopeful!attitude!after!extreme!or!prolonged!stress! coping!with!stress! o direct(coping*!refers!to!intentional!effects!to!change!an!uncomfortable!situation! ! confrontation*!acknowledging!a!stressful!situation!directly!and!attempting!to!find!a! solution!to!the!problem!or!to!attain!the!difficult!goal! ! compromise*!deciding!on!a!more!realistic!solution!or!goal!when!an!ideal!solution!or!goal! is!not!practical! ! withdrawal*!avoiding!a!situation!when!other!forms!of!coping!are!not!practical! o defensive!coping! ! defense(mechanisms*!self!deceptive!techniques!for!reducing!stress! • denial*!refusal!to!acknowledge!a!painful!or!threatening!reality!

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CHAPTER(11((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((STRESS(AND(HEALTH(PSYCHOLOGY(

repression*!excluding!uncomfortable!thoughts,!feelings,!and!desires!from! consciousness! • projection*!attributing!to!one’s!repressed!motives,!feelings,!or!wishes!to!others! • identification*!taking!on!characteristics!of!someone!else!to!avoid!feeling! incompetent! • regression*!reverting!to!childlike!behavior!and!defenses! • intellectualization*!thinking!abstractly!about!stressful!problems!as!a!way!of! detaching!oneself!from!them! • reaction(formation*!expression!of!exaggerated!ideas!and!emotions!that!are!the! opposite!of!one’s!repressed!beliefs!or!feelings! • displacement*!shifting!repressed!motives!and!emotions!from!an!original!object! to!a!substituted!object! • sublimation*!redirecting!repressed!motives!and!feelings!into!more!socially! acceptable!channels! o socioeconomic,!cultural,!and!gender!differences!in!coping!with!stress! ! poor!people!have!to!deal!with!more!stress!than!people!who!are!financially!secure! • some!data!indicate!that!that!people!in!low*income!groups!cope!less!effectively! with!stress!because!they!have!fewer!resources!to!draw!on!for!support! ! the!way!individuals!cope!with!stress!varies!across!cultural!backgrounds! • European!Americans:!seek!explicit!social!support!form!friends!(discuss!stress)! • Asian!Americans:!more!reluctant!to!seek!advice!and!emotional!solace! (concerned!about!potential!negative!relationship!consequences!from!doing!so)! ! gender!differences!have!been!observed!under!some!circumstances! • even!when!stress!levels!are!physiologically!equal,!women!tend!to!report! experiencing!more!stress! • men!are!more!likely!to!keep!feelings!to!themselves,!avoid!thinking!about!the! situation,!and!engage!in!problem!solving!to!reduce!stress! • women!are!more!likely!to!tend!to!their!young!and!to!seek!contact!and!support! from!others!(mainly!other!woman)!rather!than!behave!negatively,!more!likely!to! evaluate!situation!positively,!engage!in!distracting!behavior,!and!turn!to!prayers! how!stress!affects!health!! o health(psychology*!subfield!of!psychology!concerned!with!the!relationship!between! psychological!factors!and!physical!health!and!illness! o acute!or!chronic!stress!is!linked!to!lowered!immunity!and!poorer!health! o fightLorLflight(response*!! ! physiologically!involves!heart!pumps,!respiration!increases,!queasy!feeling!in!stomach,! glands!pump!stress!hormones!like!adrenaline!and!norepinephrine,!live!increases! available!blood!sugar,!bone!marrow!increases!WBC!count!to!fight!infection! ! discovered!by!Walter!Cannon!(1929)! o general(adaption(syndrome!(GAS)*!according!to!Selye,!the!three!stages!the!body!passes! through!as!it!adapts!to!stress! ! Stage!1:!alarm(reaction*!first!response!to!stress,!when!body!recognizes!it!needs!to!fend! of!some!physical!or!psychological!danger! •

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CHAPTER(11((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((STRESS(AND(HEALTH(PSYCHOLOGY(

Stage!2:!resistance*!physical!symptoms!and!other!sings!of!strain!appear! Stage!3:!exhaustion*!we!draw!on!increasingly!ineffective!defense!mechanisms!in!a! desperate!attempt!to!bring!the!stress!under!control!(Can!lose!touch!with!reality)! o stress!and!heart!disease! ! most!problematic!for!people!with!a!Type(A(behavior(pattern*! • unlike!Type(B(behavior(pattern!(i.e.,!people!who!respond!to!life!events!with!a! more!easy!going!perspective)! ! people!with!a!Type(D(behavior(pattern!(i.e.,!depression,!negative!emotions,!and!social! inhibition)!are!linked!with!heart!disease!too!because!of!the!excessive!amounts!of!the! heart!damaging!chemical!cortisol!that!they!produce!!! ! treatments!generally!involve!…! o stress!and!the!immune!system! ! psychoneuroimmunology!(PNI)*!a!new!field!that!studies!the!interaction!between!stress! on!the!one!hand!and!immune,!endocrine,!and!nervous!system!activity!on!the!other! • psychoneuroimmunologists!have!found!a!correlation!between!stress!and! susceptibility!to!influenza! techniques!for!staying!healthy!! o reduce!stress! ! calm!down! • exercise!! o decreases!resting!heart!rate!and!blood!pressure,!anxiousness,!irritability,! fewer!aches/pains/colds! o increases!self!esteem! • expressive!writing!! • relaxation!training!and!breathing!exercises!! ! reach!out! ! religion!and!altruism! ! learn!to!cope!effectively! • how!you!appraise!events!in!your!environment!and!your!ability!to!cope!with!the! events!influences!the!degree!of!stress!and!its!impact!on!health! • proactive(coping*!anticipating!stressful!events!and!taking!advance!steps!to!avoid! them!or!minimize!their!impact! o positive(reappraisal*!helps!people!to!make!the!best!of!a!tense!or!painful! situation!(low!grade!is!seen!as!a!warning!sign,!not!a!catastrophe)! adopt!a!healthy!lifestyle! o diet! ! a!healthy!diet!provides!energy!necessary!to!sustain!vigorous!lifestyle!and!promotes! healthy!growth!and!development! ! eating!a!healthy!diet!can!improve!quality!of!life,!increase!longevity,!and!reduce!risk!of! heart!disease,!cancer,!and!stroke! o exercise! o quit!smoking! o avoid!high*risk!behaviors! ! !

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CHAPTER(11((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((STRESS(AND(HEALTH(PSYCHOLOGY(

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extreme!stress! o sources!of!extreme!stress! ! unemployment! • when!unemployment!rates!increase,!there!is!an!increase!in!first!admissions!to! psychiatric!hospitals,!infant!mortality,!deaths!from!heart!disease!and!alcohol,! and!suicide! ! divorce!and!separation! • divorce!affects!40%!of!American!children!under!the!age!of!18! o if!the!custodial!parent!establishes!a!stable!home!and!the!post*divorce! conflict!between!parents!is!minimal,!most!children!adjust!to!the!divorce! within!a!year!or!two! ! bereavement! • there!is!widespread!agreement!that!bereavement!researchers!and!counselors! need!to!be!sensitive!to!individual!differences,!as!well!as!variations!in! circumstances!surrounding!a!lose! ! catastrophes! • stages! o Stage!1,!shock:!!victim!is!stunned,!dazed,!apathetic,!sometimes! stuporous,!disoriented,!and!amnesic!for!the!traumatic!event! o Stage!2,!suggestible:!victims!are!passive!and!do!what!rescuers!tell!them! o Stage!3,!recovery:!emotional!balance!is!regained,!but!anxiety!often! persists,!and!victims!need!to!recount!for!experiences!over!and!over!again! ! Irrational(guilt!may!be!present!as!they!lived!while!others!died!! ! combat!and!other!threatening!personal!attacks!(F11*2)! • symptoms!may!include:!bursting!into!rage,!!sleep!disturbances,!cringing!at! sudden!loud!noises,!psychological!confusion,!uncontrollable!crying,!and!silently! staring!into!space!for!long!periods!of!time! o posttraumatic(stress(disorder!(PTSD)*! ! Daytime!flashbacks!also!occur,!in!which!the!victim!relives!the!trauma! ! some!individuals!are!more!prone!than!others! • e.g.,!certain!personality!characteristics,!a!family!history!of!mental!disorders,!prior! exposure!to!trauma,!substance!use!among!relatives,!and!preexisting! psychological!disorders!! ! recovery!is!strongly!related!to!! ! posttraumatic(growth!(PTG)*!positive!personal!growth!that!may!follow!an!extremely! stressful!event! the!well*adjusted!person! o there!are!many!standards!for!judging!whether!an!individual!is!well!adjusted! ! those!who!live!according!to!social!norms! ! those!who!treating!ambiguities!and!difficulties!as!challenges!to!be!overcome (

CHAPTER(12:(PSYCHOLOGICAL(DISORDERS( ( Page(4(of(14!

CHAPTER(11((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((STRESS(AND(HEALTH(PSYCHOLOGY(

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perspectives!on!psychological!disorders! o perspectives!on!abnormal!behavior!! ! society*!orderly!world!in!which!people!assume!responsibility!for!their!assigned!social! roles!(breadwinner,!parent)!to!conformed!to!prevailing!mores,!and!meet!situational! requirements! ! individual*!happiness;!gratification!of!needs! ! mental(health(professional*!sound!personality!structure!characterized!by!growth,! development,!autonomy,!environmental!mastery,!ability!to!cope!with!stress;!adaptation! o historical!views!of!psychological!disorders! ! place!and!time!influence!how!we!define!mental!disorders! • prior!to!the!middle!ages! o unusual!behaviors!attributed!to!possession!by!spirits! o afflicted!individuals!were!possessed!by!devil!or!was!a!witch! o treatment!involved!exorcisms,!torture,!burning!at!the!stake! ! public/private!asylums!were!established!(most!were!like!prisons!however!and!deprived! of!life!needs!to!“cure”!them)! ! reforms!were!made!by!!Philippe!Pinal!and!followed!later!by!Dorothea!Dix! o the(biological(model–!psychological!disorders!have!a!biochemical!or!physiological!basis! o psychoanalytic(model*!psychological!disorders!result!from!unconscious!internal!conflicts! o cognitiveLbehavioral(model*!psychological!disorders!result!from!learning!maladaptive!ways!of! thinking!and!behaving! o diathesis*stress!model!and!systems!theory! ! diathesisLstress(model*!view!that!people!biologically!predisposed!to!a!mental!disorder! will!tend!to!exhibit!that!disorder!when!particularly!affected!by!stress! • diathesis*!biological!predisposition! ! systems(approach!(biopsychosocial!model)*!biological,!psychological,!and!social!risk! factors!combine!to!produce!psychological!disorders! o classifying!abnormal!behavior! ! DSM!(2000)!from!the!APA! • the!Diagnostic!and!Statistical!Manual!of!Mental!Disorders!provides!a!complete! list!of!mental!disorders! mood(disorders*!disturbances!in!mood!or!prolonged!emotional!state! o depression*!mood!disorders!often!characterized!by!overwhelming!feelings!of!sadness,!lack!of! interest!in!activities,!and!perhaps!excessive!guilt!or!feelings!of!worthlessness!! ! major(depressive(disorder*!depressive!disorder!characterized!by!an!episode!of!intense! sadness,!depressed!mood,!or!marked!loss!of!interest/pleasure!in!nearly!all!activities! ! dysthymia*!chronic!type!of!depression!in!which!a!person’s!moods!are!regularly!low,! though!symptoms!are!not!as!severe!as!with!major!depression! o mania!and!bipolar!disorder! ! mania*!characterized!by!euphoric!states,!extreme!physical!activity,!excessive! talkativeness,!distractedness,!and!sometimes!grandiosity! ! bipolar(disorder*!mood!disorder!in!which!period!of!mania!and!depression!may! alternate,!sometimes!with!periods!of!normal!mood!intervening! o suicide! Page(5(of(14!

CHAPTER(11((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((STRESS(AND(HEALTH(PSYCHOLOGY(

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! 11th!leading!cause!of!death!in!the!US! ! more!women!than!men!attempt!suicide!and!more!men!complete!suicide! anxiety(disorders*!disorders!in!which!anxiety!is!a!characterized!feature!or!the!avoidance!of!anxiety! seems!to!motivate!abnormal!behavior! o specific(phobias*!anxiety!disorder!characterized!by!an!intense,!paralyzing!fear!of!something! ! social(phobias*!anxiety!disorder!characterized!by!excessive,!inappropriate!fears! connected!with!social!situations!or!performances!in!front!of!other!people! ! agoraphobia*!anxiety!disorder!that!involves!multiple!intense!fears!of!crowds,!public! places,!and!other!situations!that!require!separation!from!a!source!of!security,!such!as! the!home! o panic(disorder*!anxiety!disorder!characterized!by!recurrent!panic!attacks!in!which!the!person! suddenly!experiences!intense!fear!or!terror!without!any!reasonable!cause! o other!anxiety!disorders! ! generalized(anxiety(disorder*!anxiety!disorder!characterized!by!prolonged!vague!but! intense!fears!that!are!not!attached!to!any!particular!object!or!circumstance! ! obsessiveLcompulsive(disorder!(OCD)*!an!anxiety!related!disorder!in!which!person!feels! drive!to!think!disturbing!thoughts!or!to!perform!senseless!rituals! • obsessions*!involuntary!thoughts/ideas!that!keep!recurring!despite!trying!to!stop! • compulsions*!repetitive,!ritualistic!behaviors!that!person!must!perform! ! anxiety!disorders!that!are!clearly!caused!by!a!specific,!highly!stressful!event,!can! manifest!themselves!in!two!different!ways:! • acute(stress(disorder*! • posttraumatic(stress(disorder*! psychosomatic!and!somatoform!disorders! o psychosomatic(disorders*!real!physical!illness!that!is!largely!caused!by!psychological!factors,! such!as!stress!or!anxiety!! o somatoform(disorders*!disorders!in!which!there!is!an!apparent!physical!illness!for!which!there! is!no!organic!basis! ! somatization(disorder*!disorder!characterized!by!recurrent!vague!somatic!complaints! without!a!physical!cause! ! conversion(disorder*!disorders!in!which!a!dramatic!specific!disability!has!no!physical! cause,!but!instead!seems!related!to!psychological!problems!(paralysis,!blindness,! deafness,!seizures,!etc)! ! hypochondriasis*!excessive!preoccupancy!or!worry!about!having!a!serious!mental!illness! ! body(dysmorphic(disorder*!somatoform!disorder!in!which!person!becomes!so! preoccupied!with!his!or!her!imagined!ugliness!that!normal!life!is!impossible! dissociative(disorders*!some!aspect!of!the!personality!seems!separated!from!the!rest! o dissociative(amnesia*!characterized!by!loss!of!memory!for!past!events!without!organic!cause! o dissociative(fugue*!symptoms!of!dissociative!amnesia!that!involves!flight!from!home!or!the! assumption!of!a!new!identity!with!amnesia!for!past!identity!and!events! o dissociative(identity(disorder!(multiple!personality!disorder)*!!disorder!characterized!by!the! separation!of!personality!into!two!or!more!destine!personality!

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CHAPTER(11((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((STRESS(AND(HEALTH(PSYCHOLOGY(

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o depersonalization(disorder*!disorder!whose!essential!feature!is!that!the!person!suddenly!feels! changes!or!different!in!a!strange!way! sexual!and!gender*identity!disorders! o sexual(dysfunction*!loss/impairment!of!ordinary!physical!responses!of!sexual!function!for!at! least!six!months! ! erectile(disorder!(erectile!dysfunction)*!!inability!of!a!man!to!achieve/maintain!erection! ! female(sexual(arousal(disorder*!inability!of!woman!to!become!aroused/reach!orgasm! o sexual(desire(disorders*!disorders!in!which!person!lacks!sexual!interest/has!distaste!for!sex! ! orgasmic(disorders*!inability!to!reach!orgasm!in!a!person!who!experiences!sexual!desire! ! premature(ejaculation*!inability!of!man!to!inhibit!orgasm!as!long!as!desired! ! vaginismus*!involuntary!muscle!spasms!in!outer!part!of!vagina!that!make!intercourse! impossible! ! paraphilias*!unconventional!objects/situations!to!achieve!sexual!arousal! • fetishism*!nonhuman!object!that!is!preferred,!or!exclusive!method!of!achieving! sexual!excitement! • voyeurism*!desire!to!watch!others!have!sex/spy!on!nude!people! • exhibitionism*!exposing!one’s!genitals!in!public!to!achieve!sexual!arousal! • frotteurism*!achieving!sexual!arousal!by!touching/rubbing!against!a! nonconsenting!person!in!public!situations! • transvestic(fetishism*!wearing!clothes!of!opposite!sex!for!sexual!gratification! • sexual(sadism*!obtaining!sexual!gratification!from!humiliating!or!physically! harming!a!sex!partner! • sexual(masochism*!inability!to!enjoy!sex!without!emotional/physical!pain! • pedophilia*!!desire!to!have!sexual!relations!with!children! o genderLidentity(disorders*!disorders!that!involve!the!strong!desire!to!become,!or!the!insistence! that!one!real!is,!a!member!of!the!other!biological!sex! personality(disorders*!disorders!in!which!inflexible!and!maladaptive!ways!of!thinking!and!behaving! learned!early!in!life!cause!distress!to!the!person!or!conflicts!with!others! o schizoid(personality(disorder*!person!is!withdrawn!and!lacks!feelings!for!others! o paranoid(personality(disorder*!person!in!inappropriately!suspicious!and!mistrustful!of!others! o dependent(personality(disorder*!person!is!unable!to!make!choices/decisions!independently! and!cannot!tolerate!being!alone! o avoidant(personality(disorder*!person’s!fear!of!rejection!by!others!leads!to!social!isolation! o narcissistic(personality(disorder*!person!has!exaggerated!sense!of!self*importance!and!needs! contact!admiration! o borderline(personality(disorder*!marked!instability!in!self*image,!mood,!and!interpersonal! relationships! o antisocial(personality(disorder*!involves!a!pattern!of!violent,!criminal,!or!unethical!and! exploitative!behavior!and!an!inability!to!feel!affection!for!others! schizophrenic(disorders*!severe!disorders!in!which!there!are!disturbances!of!thought,! communications,!and!emotions,!including!delusions!and!hallucinations! o people!with!schizophrenia!…! ! are!psychotic*!out!of!touch!with!reality!

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CHAPTER(11((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((STRESS(AND(HEALTH(PSYCHOLOGY(

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! suffer!hallucinations*!sensory!experiences!in!the!absence!of!external!stimulation! ! suffer!delusions*!false!beliefs!about!reality!that!have!no!basis!in!fact! o types!of!schizophrenic!disord...