Psych 101 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

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Psychology 101 Final Exam Study Guide-Morton This final exam consists of 74 total questions: 50 multiple choice questions worth 1 point each; 20 True and False questions worth 1 point each; and 4 short-answer essays worth 5 points each. Your exam is worth 90 points total and 30% of your final class grade. Culture- (talked about in all chapters): Collectivistic vs. individual based cultures: Nature vs. nurture debate:

Chapter 11: Sex: Biological maleness and femaleness, including chromosomal sex Gender: Psychological and sociocultural meanings added to biological maleness or femaleness Gender Role: Societal expectations for “appropriate” male and female behavior Androgyny: Exhibiting both feminine and masculine traits Ethnocentrism: Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture Sexual Prejudice: negative attitudes toward an individual because of her or his sexual orientation The Double Standard: Beliefs, values, and norms that subtly encourage male sexuality and discourage female sexuality Performance Anxiety: Fear of being judged in connection with sexual activity Social Learning Theory: Reward/punishment + observation and imitation of model = gender type behavior HIV Positive: Being infected by the human immunodeficiency virus AIDS: Destroys the immune system’s ability to fight disease Recommendations of a sex therapist: -Begin sex education as early as possible -Avoid goal- or performance-oriented approaches -Communicate openly with your partner

Chapter 12: Motivation: Set of factors that activate, direct, & maintain behavior, usually toward some goal Emotions: Subjective feeling that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressive behaviors (smiles, frowns, and running) Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation for a task or activity based on internal, personal satisfaction Extrinsic Motivation: Motivation for a task based on external rewards or threats of punishment James-Lange Theory of Emotion: Subjective experience of emotion results from physiological changes, rather than being their cause; each emotion is physiologically distinct Eating Disorders: Obesity, bulimia, anorexia, binge Obesity: Body mass index of 30 or above, based on height and weight Bulimia: Characterized by consumption of large quantities of food (bingeing), followed by vomiting, extreme exercise, and/or laxative use (purging) Anorexia Nervosa: Characterized by a severe loss of weight resulting from self-imposed starvation and an obsessive fear of obesity Binge: Characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food in a discrete period of time, while feeling a lack of control, but not followed by purge behaviors Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation:

Chapter 13: Personality: Unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions Self-Efficacy: A persons learned expectation of success affects choices & efforts in getting goals MMPI: A psychological test that assesses personality traits and psychopathology Projective Tests: Time-consuming, Less likely to fake responses, Unstructured; may allow reluctant topics to come up, Subjective, Low in reliability and validity (Ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or drawings, which allow the test taker to project his or her unconscious onto the test material) Trait: Relatively stable personal characteristic that can be used to describe someone Five-Factor Model (OCEAN): Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism Freud’s Three Levels of Consciousness: Conscious, preconscious, unconscious

Freud’s Three Components of Personality: Id, ego, superego Identify Examples of Freud’s Defense Mechanisms: Sublimation, reaction formation, displacement, rationalization, repression, projection, denial, intellectualization

Chapter 14: DSM: The classification system developed by the American Psychiatric Association used to name and describe abnormal behaviors. The current version is 5. Mental Illnesses: OCD: A mental disorder characterized by persistent, unwanted fearful thoughts (obsessions) and/or irresistible urges to perform an act or repeated rituals (compulsions) to help relieve the anxiety created Anxiety Disorders: Overwhelming apprehension and fear accompanied by autonomic nervous system arousal. Three major types: Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder & phobias Personality Disorders: Severe instability in emotion and self-concept, along with impulsive and self-destructive behavior, see the world in black and white, relationship problems, possible environmental and biological causes Bipolar Disorder: Repeated episodes of mania (unreasonable elation, often with hyperactivity) alternating with depression Schizophrenia: Group of severe disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior -Positive Symptoms (additions or exaggerations): Delusions, hallucinations -Negative Symptoms (loss or absence): Impaired attention, limited or toneless speech, flat or blunted affect, social withdrawal Reflect on our class conversation on suicide

Chapter 15: Cognitive Restructuring: Process in cognitive therapy to change destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations Modeling Therapy: watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviors. Useful for treating phobias and training in social skills and assertiveness

Talk therapies: Variety of therapies seeking to improve psychological functioning by increasing awareness of underlying motives and improvement in thoughts, feelings, and/or behavior Self-Help Groups: Leaderless or nonprofessionally guided groups in which members assist one another with a specific problem Group Therapy: A number of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals; guided by a therapist Eclecticism: Mixing techniques from various theories to find the most appropriate treatment Criticisms of Beck and Ellis (CBT and REBT): Cognitive: Ignoring unconscious processes, overemphasis on rationality, minimizing the importance of the past, use behavior techniques rather than changing cognitive structure Behavior: Generalizability—to the “real world” outside of therapy, ethics—related to control Different Types of Therapy: Talk, Behavior & Biomedical CBT, humanistic (including Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs), psychoanalysis, REBT

Chapter 16: Altruism: Reference Group: Normative Social Influence: What was the Stanley Milgram experiment really studying? What was the Zimbardo experiment really studying? The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: Different Categories of Prejudice & Discrimination: The Fundamental Attribution Error: Three Key Factors of Interpersonal Attraction: (Be able to know the difference of them as well) 1. 2. 3. Terms in stereotypes and classification

Short Answer Questions Hints: Prejudice and discrimination. If you noticed cliques were forming in at your work, how could you implement cooperation, common goals, increased contact, and cognitive retraining to reduce these attitudes and behaviors? Describe criticisms and successes of each of the following types of therapies: psychoanalytic, cognitive, and humanistic. State the overall effectiveness of all therapy. If you were to want or need therapy, discuss why you would choose one type over other types of therapy. Reflect on our conversation of sexual assault and rape, especially on college campuses and throughout the young adult population....