Psych 121 B PDF

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Behaviorism- classical conditioning- a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Operant conditioning- Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence (Skinner, 1938). Rewards and punishment- can be positive and negative  Heritability- influence that genetics has on a specific trait , these include family, adoption and twin studies. Can be made possible by DNA sequencing  HERITABILITY of common traits  Intelligence – 40-60% Obesity – 40-70% Personality Neuroticism (41%), Extraversion (53%), Openness (61%) , Agreeableness (41%), and Conscientiousness (44%) Schizophrenia – 80%  Range of reaction (or reaction range) is a concept in psychology, genetics, and related fields that the expressed characteristics (or phenotype) of an organism depend both on genetic characteristics (or genotype) and the environment.  Gene–environment interaction (or genotype–environment interaction or GxE or G×E) is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation  in different ways. A norm of reaction is a graph that shows the relationship between genes and environmental factors when phenotypic differences are continuous.  (i) Passive gene–environment correlation refers to the association between the genotype a child inherits from his or her parents and the environment in which the child is raised. … (ii) Evocative (or reactive) gene–environment correlation happens when an individual's (heritable) behavior evokes an environmental response. (iii)Active Genotype-Environment Correlation. A g  enotype-environment correlation(rGE) is when exposure to situational or environmental situations or circumstances are dependent on the genotype of the individual....