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Level of processing ● The levels of processing model stresses the importance of effortful processing for better memory performance while the multi-store model does not Overregularization in form of telegraphic speech ● A child accidentally broke a vase of flowers and when asked about what happened by her mother, she responds “Glass breaked” Individuals using knowledge trainer ● Demonstrated no preserved increases in fluid intelligence Syntax ● The syntax of one’s native language can be challenging to describe to a non-native speaker Transparent orthographies ● The more transparent orthographies a language contains the fewer associations between letters and phonemes must be learned Wernicke's area ● An area in the brain involved in understanding of spoken language, shows more activity in response to speech compared to non-speech sounds in new borns What is the main difference between CS and a US ● A US always causes an unconscious reaction, whereas a CS only causes the reaction after contingency training According to the textbook, which of the following statements about classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning is most correct? ● Classical and instrumental conditioning both typically involve contiguity in order for associations to be learned. Which of the following is true regarding the understanding of category membership in baboons? ● Baboons are able to categorize simple objects into abstract categories (e.g., "same" versus "different") only with extensive training. According to the textbook, which model of attention cannot explain how memory might be influenced by unattended information? ● Early-selection theory According to the textbook, when presented with information on the benefits of health food at a health food store, a non-academic audience will be most persuaded by which type of communicator? ● A trustworthy presenter According to the textbook, what role does the availability heuristic play in forming stereotypes? ● Any experience that fits the stereotype is readily accessible and continuously reinforces the stereotype. Which of the following is true regarding the standard deviation? ● The standard deviation tells us about the spread and the distribution of a data set. Which of the following may occur following the extinction of a conditioned response?

● Re-training can occur instantaneously if the CS is presented after a long break after extinction According to the textbook, which of the following scenarios would most likely result in the behaviour being stamped out the strongest? ● Jimmy talks on the phone while driving and was in a car accident as a result of being distracted Which of the following scenarios best outlines deductive reasoning? ● Hilary believes driving on a stormy night puts her at risk so she decides to slow down to avoid an accident Which of the following correctly outlines a key similarity between social learning theory and innate mechanism theory? ● Both social learning theory and innate mechanism theory attempt to explain the process by which initial language development occurs in children Which of the following observations favors exemplar theory over prototype theory? ● Doctors are better at diagnosing diseases related to recent cases they have seen Which of the following correctly outlines automatic and controlled processes of attention? ● Controlled processes are slower and require more cognitive effort Which of the following scenarios best depicts the role of fluency in memory? ● Oliver was walking through the student centre when someone with a familiar face says "hello" to him. Oliver concludes that he must be a person he has taught in the past Which attribution styles may lead to the self-serving bias? ● Fundamental Attribution Error and actor-observer bias Diana is late for class and decides to take the bus rather than walk to school. She is, however, unfamiliar with the bus routes and is not sure what bus she should take to get to school. At the bus stop, she notices a lot of other people with schoolbags and assumes they are students. Diana gets on the same bus as all the other potential students. Which phenomenon from social psychology best explains this behaviour? ● Diana is using the comparative function to gather information from a group about an ambiguous situation According to the textbook, which of the following scenarios would require a direct observation research technique to study behaviour during procrastination? ● It is difficult to create an experiment that provokes an individual to procrastinate in a similar manner as a real-life situation Why is discrimination important for animals? ● Discrimination is necessary to prevent costly responses to a variety of stimuli that are similar to the CS, but do not predict the presence of the US Which of the following is FALSE regarding schedules of reinforcement? ● In both variable ratio and variable interval schedules, the time between responses fluctuates around a set mean Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates assimilation according to Piaget?

● Oscar knows that dogs are small, furry and four-legged animals. He sees a breed of dog that he has never seen before and calls it a "dog", adding this information to his schema for dogs Which of the following is a correctly described criterion for natural language? ● Language is arbitrary; that is, the sounds that make up words are not associated with the meanings of those words Maria is participating in an experiment where she must classify things as living or nonliving. According to the article “Don’t know much Biology”, which of the following would she most quickly identify as a nonliving thing? ● Telephone Which of the following involves the involuntary "capture" of attention? ● Automatic processes What is the cause of the primacy effect? ● Words at the beginning of the list have the most opportunity to be rehearsed To weigh the pros and cons of whom he should date, Ted makes a list comparing Robin and Victoria. When Robin discovers this list, she grows furious with him, even though she was previously in love with him. Which of the following most correctly explains their feelings? ● If Ted chooses Victoria based on the list, he probably had no trouble listing 10 cons for Robin Rory is trying to convince her younger and much less intelligent brother, Alex, that it is possible to instrumentally condition a pigeon to peck at a lock using reward training. Alex, however, does not believe her and suggests that this is only possible through classical conditioning. What should Rory do to persuade Alex? ● Rory should ensure that her argument is well presented and easy to understand What does a p-value of 0.03 mean? ● The probability that a difference between experimental groups is due to chance is 3% or less The availability heuristic refers to our tendency to do what? ● Rely on information readily accessible to us Which of the following examples best supports the social learning theory of language? ● 2-year-old Frank gets candy from his parents when he uses words instead of gestures, and, as a result, his vocabulary has been continuously expanding What phenomenon of human memory describes the benefits effortful encoding? ● Levels of Processing Theory In what kind of situation are we more likely to make the fundamental attribution error? ● As the observer of a negative event Which of the following outlines a DIFFERENCE between experimental and observational research? ● Experimental research requires a variable to be manipulated, whereas observational research does not

In the classical conditioning experiments conducted by Ivan Pavlov, salivation by the dog in response the sound of a bell represents which two aspects of classical conditioning, respectively? ● Conditioned response and conditioned stimulus Which of the following best compares two types of training? ● Escape training increases the frequency of a behaviour, while omission training decreases the frequency of a behaviour Which of the following best describes the reliability of a test? ● The results must be the same as long as the input is the same All languages share one common feature: they use symbols to transmit information. What is another name for these symbols? ● Morphemes According to prototype theory, how is a novel object categorized? ● The novel object is compared to an internal average Which of the following describes the processing of objects within our attentional spotlight? ● They are processed faster and with higher accuracy According to your textbook, what is the key difference between semantic and episodic memories? ● Semantic memories encompass general information; whereas episodic memories relate to a particular place or time According to the textbook, what role does the availability heuristic play in forming stereotypes? ● Any experience that fits the stereotype is readily accessible and continuously reinforces the stereotype How can a message best be conveyed to an academic and professional audience? ● By providing sufficient evidence to support claims...