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Psychology 1100 Uconn Exam 2 Swadlow Study online at quizlet.com/_3zb202 1.

Perception

the extraction of meaning from sensory input (not spots, lines, edges or wavelengths) Examples: Object perception Word perception Wha Cha Doo Win

2.

Some major questions in visual perception

the ventral stream of the visual cortex

What is it? (Object recognition) 3.

Where is it (Object location in space; depth):

4.

What is perception?: Does perception = the says yes. sum of sensations? Used method of introspection to analyze perceptions into elementary sensations.

the dorsal stream of visual cortex.

Structuralism (Titchener, Wundt ) 5.

What is perception?: Does perception = the says no: sum of sensations? you cannot understand the house by understanding the bricks. You must know the function of the house. Darwinian influence: understand behavior in terms of it's purposes (not it's elementary Functionalism (James) mechanisms)

6.

Darwinian influence

understand behavior in terms of it's purposes (not it's elementary mechanisms)

7.

Does perception = sum of sensations?

say no. Learned associations of sensations form the percept. Unconscious inferences are used to recognize properties of objects.

Helmholtz 8.

Does perception = sum of sensations? Gestalt Psychologists

say no. "The whole = > sum of the parts" Sensations are not the basic units of perceptions. Perception does not depend on learning.

9.

Whole forms are basic units of...

perception

10.

Whole forms are produced by

a process of perceptual organization (happens in the brain).

11.

Perceptual organization depends upon

the relationship between elements of a stimulus Figure-ground relationships Perceptual grouping. (laws of proximity, closure, similarity.

12.

Evidence against structuralist notions

ambiguous figures

Identical sensations can yield different perceptions 13.

Evidence against structuralist notions

the "constancies"

Different sensations can yield identical (constant ) perceptions 14.

Shape Constancy

the tendency to perceive an object as having the same shape regardless of its orientation or the angle from which we view it

15.

Size Constancy

the tendency to perceive an object as being the same size regardless of whether it is close or far away For example, when we view a city skyline in the distance, we know the buildings are very tall, even though when we hold our hand out in front of the skyline the distant buildings are tiny compared to our hand. We still perceive the buildings in the background as tall because we know that they are far away and deep in our visual field, based on cues in our environment.

16.

Orientation Constancy

refers to the brain's ability to perceive the actual orientation of an oject, no matter how the orientation may vary on the retina As an example, we are still able to perceive the orientation of a tree rising from the ground, even if we are hanging by our knees from a jungle gym.

17.

Color Constancy

Gestalt principle of perception that suggests that the context in which an object we are viewing appears in, influences the way we perceive the color of that object You are looking at a bowl of fruit, which has in it a bright red apple, bananas, grapes, and some mangos. If you saw only a small portion of the apple, but did not know that it was an apple, the color would appear to change a little as the light changed. However, once you know it is an apple, you will still perceive the color as bright red even when the light changes a little (really)

18.

Brightness Constancy

the tendency for a visual object to be perceived as having the same brightness under widely different conditions of illumination.

19.

The perception of distance (depth)

height in field relative size shading converging lines saturation of colors superimpositions texture gradients

Static monocular cues (artists cues)

20.

Stereoscopic

two eyes are better than one

21.

What is a major cue

Retinal Disparity

22.

Objects that are closer or further than the fixation point fall on noncorresponding points of the retina

This results in retinal disparity

23.

Retinal disparities of < 3 degrees

are fused, and perceived as depth

24.

Retinal disparities of > 3 degrees are perceived as

a double image.

25.

Visual agnosia and the ventral stream

Oliver Sacks: "Man who mistook his wife for a hat".

26.

Hubel and Wiesel's hierarchical, feature detection model of object perception

remember "simple" cells, complex cells, hypercomplex cells!

27.

Simple bottom-up network

simply about the process moving in the opposite direction. First comes the response in the body (eyes see the bowl and contents; nose smells chocolate, pickles, and hot sauce; stomach churns; face grimaces; head turns away). This leads to emotion (repulsion, disappointment) and the brain's cognition and directive for action (thinking, 'That's nasty,' and saying, 'No thank you.'). As you can see from the chart below, bottom-up processing starts with the body and ends in the brain.

28.

Augmented bottom up network (with inhibition).

...

29.

Adding topdown activation.

your brain is active first. You might think, 'How nice. My friend is offering me ice cream, and I would like some. I should take that from her. I wonder what kind it is.' This thought leads to emotions (happy, excited, grateful, curious) and then a response in the body (increased heart rate, smile, arms reaching out).

30.

Is perception learned? (one aspect of the nature-nurture question)

say that everything is learned, even perceptual abilities. Locke, Hume: At birth, we are a "tabula rosa" (blank sheet), to be filled by experience

Empiricists 31.

Is perception learned? (one aspect of the nature-nurture question)

argue that perception is innate.

Rationalists (Kant ) 32.

How to test? Infant experiments

33.

How to test? Deprivation experiments (restricted experience).

Logic: if you can do it at birth or hatching (prior to any experience), it must be innate. Depth perception (visual cliff): chicks, goats. Face perception (humans) Voice perception (humans) Innate tendency to look at faces and listen to voices results in predisposition to learn about these. experience). if you can do it when deprived of relevant experience, it must be innate. If you cannot do the task we cannot conclude anything.

Logic: 34.

How to test? Deprivation experiments (restricted experience). Cataract patients deprived of form vision since birth:

after surgery they can tell figure from ground, but not discriminate forms.

35.

How to test? Deprivation experiments (contin).

A critical period for developing binocular vision. ..Preventing early binocular experience (e.g., by covering one eye during first few months of life) can prevent development of stereoscopic depth perception. A critical period for orientation acuity.

Wiesel and Hubel's experiments on kittens. 36.

Wiesel and Hubel's experiments on kittens.

Orientation selective neurons of adult cat raised in a horizontal environment. Neurons with vertical orientation selectivity are lost. Behavior also changes: navigation through horizontal and vertical environment.

37.

How do findings in kittens relate to angular acuity in humans?

Horizontal and vertical angular acuity is better than oblique.

38.

Sensory processes

Detecting and discriminating among different types and levels of energies.

39.

Sensory processes

say all knowledge originates in sensory experience (relate to the "nature/nurture" question).

Empiricists (e.g., Locke, Hume) 40.

Sensory processes

41.

Types of energy that humans can sense:

Mechanical (somatosensory, auditory) Electromagnetic (vision) Thermal (somatosensory) Chemical (taste, smell)

42.

The stimulus must be carefully defined in terms of...

intensity and quality of the physical energy

43.

light stimulus is defined in terms of:

Intensity (number of photons) wavelength (~450 - 700 nm can be perceived by humans).

44.

Intensity

(number of photons)

45.

wavelength (~450 - 700 nm (~450 - 700 nm can be perceived by humans). can be perceived by humans).

46.

Psychophysics

the study that relates the physical qualities of energy to the psychological experiences that are elicited.

47.

Level (intensity) of energy that can be detected by humans

Our range is ~ 10^10 for many forms of energy

48.

Absolute Threshold

the lowest amount of energy that can be detected on 50% of trials. Absolute thresholds are very low: e.g., smell, light, sound.

49.

Difference threshold

the "just noticeable difference" JND: the minimal difference in some stimulus dimension needed to tell two stimuli apart

50.

Webers law

Difference between two stimuli ---------------------------------- = k (constant) Initial stimulus value

would agree that much knowledge is dependent upon sensory experience.

Nativists

51.

just noticeable difference JND

8%

Sight intensity 52.

just noticeable difference JND

5%

Sound intensity 53.

just noticeable difference JND...