Psych midterm 2 PDF

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4. Fatima understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Fatima is clearly in Piaget’s ____________ stage. a. preoperational b. sensorimotor c. concrete operational d. formal operational 6. Kailey can clearly sense when her sister’s teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down. This best illustrates that Kailey has developed a(n): a. sense of object permanence. b. insecure attachment. c. concept of conservation. d. theory of mind. 7. According to Piaget, egocentrism is to conservation as the _____________ stage is to the ____________ stage. a. concrete operational; preoperational b. sensorimotor; preoperational c. concrete operational; formal operational d. preoperational; concrete operational

9. Stuart refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Stuart’s reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg’s ___________ stage. a. postconventional b. concrete operational c. preconventional d. conventional 10. Alzheimer’s disease involves a deterioration of neurons that produce: a. dopamine. b. telomeres. c. acetylcholine. d. serotonin. 12. Behaviourists would have expressed the greatest disapproval with attempts to scientifically study whether: a. academic achievement is influenced by a positive self-concept. b. consumer buying habits are influenced by newspaper advertisements. c. worker productivity is influenced by hourly pay. d. aggressive behaviour is influenced by threats of punishment. 13. In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes a(n) ________________ after it reliably signals the impeding occurrence of the _______________. a. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response; conditioned response d. conditioned response; unconditioned response

14. Watson’s study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears: a. may be produced through classical conditioning. b. can interfere with the process of learning. c. can be used as negative reinforcers. d. are acquired through observational learning. 16. Long after her conditioned fear of dogs has been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin’s new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates: a. shaping. b. delayed reinforcement. c. spontaneous recovery. d. latent learning. 17. Jane had Leukemia has a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. In this example, the waiting room is the: a. unconditioned stimulus. b. conditioned stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. conditioned response. 18. Bryan is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Bryan prefers working on a ____________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-ratio b. fixed-interval c. variable-ratio d. variable-interval 19. Watching the night sky for shooting stars is MOST likely to be reinforced on a ____________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-ratio b. fixed-interval c. variable-ratio d. variable-interval 21. Stan and his brother get in a fight over who gets to play the newest PS4 video game first. Stan’s parents then take the game away so neither of them gets to play it. Stan and his brother are now less likely to fight over video games. This is an example of: a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment. 23. In observational learning, the most effective models are those: a. who are perceived as different from the observer. b. who are respected only a little by the general population.

c. who use consistent actions and words. d. who use inconsistent actions and word 24. Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting: a. conditioned responses. b. prosocial behaviour. c. extrinsic motivation. d. spontaneous recovery. Chapter 8 (Memory) 25. Franklin has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory system is most important? a. long-term memory b. working memory c. echoic memory d. flashbulb memory 26. As you are watching television the electricity goes out. For a few tenths of a second you are still able to see the last images from the screen. This is an example of: a. echoic memory. b. iconic memory. c. implicit memory. d. declarative memory. 28. Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve? a. a steady, slow decline in retention over time. b. a steady, rapid decline in retention over time. c. a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter. d. a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter. 30. Studying for your psychology test requires _____________. It takes attention and conscious effort, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories. a. effortful processing. b. implicit memory. c. automatic processing. d. mood-congruent memory. 31. Which of the following is NOT one of the three measures of memory retention? a. recall b. recognition c. relearning d. retrieval

32. Sampson came home quite drunk from the party on Saturday night. Luckily, he was given a ride home. He threw his apartment keys down somewhere and immediately fell asleep. Sampson may not be able to find his keys again until he is once again drunk because of: a. source amnesia. b. the misinformation effect. c. state-dependent memory. d. serial position effect. 33. Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory best illustrates: a. the self-reference effect. b. the spacing effect. c. the misinformation effect. d. motivated forgetting....