Psych test 1 - Lecture notes Exam 1 PDF

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Notes for study guide for exam 1...

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Psychologists define learning as a fairly permanent change in behavior

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based off past experience. Classical Conditioning vs. operant conditioning o Classical Conditioning = Conditioning based off of Pavlov’s work. Creating certain reactions to stimuli based off another reflex. o Operant Conditioning = Learning based off punishments or reinforcements.

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Law of Effect: Responses that are responded to with a positive effect are more

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likely to be repeated, vice versa. Principles of Operant Conditioning: o Positive reinforcement: The addition of a reinforcer to a situation. o Negative reinforcement: The subtraction of a reinforcer to a situation. o Punishment: An event that occurs after a response that will decrease the likelihood of the action to occur again. o Extinction: Stop paying attention to an action and that non-reinforced response will slowly disappear o Shaping by Successive: Gradually working to the desired action/behavior.

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Ivan Pavlov: Father of classical conditioning. Dog + Bell experiment Basic Principles of classical conditioning: o Unconditional Stimulus: Stimulus that causes a reaction o Unconditional Reaction: Reaction based off reflex response. o Conditioned Stimulus: Stimulus that creates a reaction due to it being paired to another prior. o Conditioned Reaction: Learning to respond to a conditioned stimulus.

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John B. Watson + Little Albert: o Conditional Emotional Response: Created through the use of classical conditioning, making Little Albert scared of white rats.

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Systematic Desensitization: Reducing anxiety by placing individual with emotional stimuli while in relaxed state. o linked to classical conditioning b/c the link between CS and CR

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Dualism: Separation of mind and body, body lives in this world, mind lives inside body, but in a different world. Original theory by DeCart

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Materialism: The mind is a product of the brain, the mind is almost like an

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action that the brain does. Different branches of the nervous system: o Central NS – The brain and spinal chord, reflexes. o Peripheral NS: All parts of the nervous system outside of the CNS.  

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Somatic NS: Nerves linked to spinal chord and sense organs. Autonomic NS: Sending info the organs and glands.  Sympathetic NS: Fight or Flight, survival  Parasympathetic NS: Rest and digest, calm the body

Components of neuron: o Dendrites: Receiving point where cells take in chemical messages o Soma: Body of the cell that helps process/summarize info the brain o Axon: Sends electrical impulses to neighboring cells o Axon terminal: Connection point between neuron and dendrite.

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Resting Potential: Locked & loaded, cell being ready to fire electrical charge Action Potential: Nerve impulse firing.

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Neurotransmitter: A chemical released that alters activity of other neurons

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Synapse: Space in-between neurons that relay messages Myelin: Fatty layer coating axon that allows messages to relay quicker. In MS

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patients, this layer decays due to immune system attacking it. Brain Anatomy: o Cerebral Cortex: outer layer of the brain that separates in two half. Mostly gray matter.  Left brain = Analysis  Right Brain = Art o Cerebellum: Posture, coordination, muscles memory, skills/habits o Occipital lobe: Vision o Parietal lobe: Touch, temperature, pressure o Frontal lobe: Planning, motor control, self sense o Temporal lobe: Hearing and language.

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Brain Stem: o Hindbrain: Medulla + cerebellum: Posture, coordination, muscles memory, skills/habits

o Midbrain: Link between the forebrain and brainstem. Conducting/switching center o Forebrain: Thalamus - Sensory information from cerebral cortex 

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Limbic System: Linked to emotional responses  Amygdala: Fear

 Hippocampus: Lasting memories Sensation: What happens outside the brain, physical world

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Perception: What happens inside the brain, how you see the world. How we take in the world’s proximal stimuli and perceive it. o Proximal stimuli: Real world object.

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Transduction: The process in which one type of energy is converted into another type. o Transducer: Devices that changes the energy into other types

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Sight/ Visual System:  Electromagnetic Energy used = Visual light  Sensory receptor used = Photoreceptor o Photoreceptors:

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 Cones: High detail, color receptors, lots of light needed to use  Rods: Low detail, black and white, less light needed to use Hearing/ Auditory System:

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 Electrochemical Energy used = Sound waves  Sensory Receptors = Hair cells Technical Names for Systems: o Sight = Vision o Smell = Olfactory o Taste = Gestation o Hearing = Auditory o Touch = Somatic sensation

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Bottom-Up Processing: Data driven, specific information created from

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general info, contains multiple levels of analysis. Top-Down Processing: Based off of knowledge and expectations, builds from

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general to specific, Allows perceptual system to learn from exp. Gestalt Perception: Based off top-down processing, uses cues that don’t tend to work very well to perceive. o Perception consistencies: Not always correct, same as Gestalt

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Perceptual Consistency (or set): The ability to comprehend quickly after already being exposed. Strong expectations....