Psych Theories FOR NURSING STUDENTS PDF

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PSYCH THEORIES1. Sigmund Freud’s PsychosexualPersonality ComponentsID seeks instant gratificationEGO represents mature and adaptive behavior; defense mechanismsSUPEREGO reflects moral and ethical concepts, values, and parental and social expectationsLevels of AwarenessConscious exist in the person’s...

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PSYCH THEORIES 1. Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual

Dissociation

Dealing with emotional conflict by a temporary alteration in consciousness or identity

Fixation

Immobilization of a portion of the personality resulting from unsuccessful completion of tasks in a developmental stage

Identification

Modeling actions and opinions of influential others while searching for identity, or aspiring to reach a personal, social, or occupational goal

Intellectualization

Separation of the emotions of a painful event or situation from the facts involved; acknowledging the facts but not the emotions

Introjection

Accepting another person’s attitudes, beliefs, and values as one’s own

Projection

Unconscious blaming of unacceptable inclinations or thoughts on an external object

Rationalization

Excusing own behavior to avoid guilt, responsibility, conflict, anxiety, or loss of self-respect

Personality Components ID

seeks instant gratification

EGO

represents mature and adaptive behavior; defense mechanisms

SUPEREGO

reflects moral and ethical concepts, values, and parental and social expectations

Levels of Awareness Conscious

exist in the person’s awareness,

Preconscious

not currently aware, but can recall them with some effort

Unconscious

totally unaware

Subconscious

Dreams - can be determined through free association (fast talk)

Freud’s Developmental Stage Oral

Birth - 18mos

Biting; sucking

Anal

18-36 mos

Toilet train

Reaction Formation

Acting the opposite of what one thinks or feels

Phallic/ Oedipal

3-5 yrs

Mastrubation; penis envy; oedipal complex

Regression

Moving back to a previous developmental stage to feel safe or have needs met

Latency

5-11 yrs or 13 yrs

Formation of superego; sexual drive channeled into social activities

Repression

Excluding emotionally painful or anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings from conscious awareness

Genital

11-13 yrs

Puberty; orgasm; true intimacy

Resistance

Overt or covert antagonism toward remembering or processing anxiety-producing information

Sublimation

Substituting a socially acceptable activity for an impulse that is unacceptable

Substitution

Replacing the desired gratification with one that is more readily available

Suppression

Conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts and feelings from conscious awareness

Undoing

Exhibiting acceptable behavior to make up for or negate unacceptable behavior

Defense Mechanism Compensation

Overachievement in one area to offset real or perceived deficiencies in another area

Conversion

Expression of an emotional conflict through the development of a physical symptom, usually sensorimotor in nature

Denial

Failure to acknowledge an unbearable condition; failure to admit the reality of a situation or how one enables the problem to continue

Displacement

Ventilation of intense feelings toward persons less threatening than the one who aroused those feelings

PSYCH THEORIES 2. Erikson’s Psychosocial Development STAGE

AGE

VIRTUE/TASK

Trust vs. Mistrust

Infant (0-1)

Hope- World as safe, reliable, nurturing, stable, dependable

Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt

Toddler (1-3)

Will- Sense of control and free will

Initiative vs Guilt

Preschool (3-6)

Purpose- Conscience, learning to manage conflict and anxiety

Industry vs Inferiority

School Age (6-11)

CompetenceConfidence in own abilities, pleasure in accomplishments

Identity vs Role Confusion

Adolescence (12-18)

Fidelity- sense of self and belonging

Intimacy vs Isolation

Young Adult (19-39)

Love- meaningful attachments to others

Generativity vs Stagnation

Middle Adult (40-65)

Care- creative and productive, establishing next generation

Ego integrity vs Despair

Maturity (65 to death)

Wisdom- accepting responsibility for oneself and life

3. Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development 4 stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor

Birth to 2 yrs

develops a sense of self, concept of object permanence, forms mental images

Preoperational

2-6 yrs

express self with language, understands the meaning of symbolic gestures, and begins to classify objects.

Concrete Operations

6-12 yrs

apply logic to thinking, understands spatiality and reversibility, and is increasingly social and able to apply rules; however, thinking is still concrete.

Formal operations

12- 15 yrs & beyond

learns to think and reason in abstract terms, further develops logical thinking and reasoning, and achieves cognitive maturity

PSYCH THEORIES 4. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Hierarchy of Needs 1. Physiologic Needs

Food, water, sleep, clothes, shelter, sex, absence of pain

2. Safety and Security

Protection, security, freedom

3. Love and Belongingness

Intimacy, friendship, acceptance

4. Self-esteem

Self-respect, esteem from others

5. Self-Actualization

Beauty, truth, justice

5. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Stages Level and Age

Stage

What determines right and wrong?

Preconventional: Up to the age of 9

Punishment & Obedience

What they get punished for.

Instrumentalrelativist

What they are rewarded for, by doing what others want. Concern for others is motivated by selfishness

Interpersonal concordance

Being good is whatever pleases others. Determined by the majority. Good boy/girl

Law and order

Doing their duty to society. Obey laws without question and show respect for authority.

Social contract

Determined by personal values, can be overridden by democratically agreed laws

Universal ethical principle

Deeply held moral principles which are more important than the laws of land.

Conventional: Most adolescents and adults

Postconventional: 10 to 15% of the over 20s....