Psychology 100 EXAM 1 Study Guide (1)-converted PDF

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PSYCHOLOGY 100 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 1

Psychology- scientific study of behavioral and mental process. Wilhelm Wundt-father of psychology, used scientific method to study psychological process. Wrote 1st psychology text, created 1st laboratory 1879 in Germany. Father of introspect-examination of ones thoughts and mental activities. He changed the perception of psychology from observing psych to introspect and deeper understanding of ones behavior. Edward Titchener St r uct ur al i sm: An al yzescompl exexper i encesi nt er msoft hei rsi mpl estcomponent sPhysi cal sensat i onsFeel i ngsI mages“ Tel l meaboutt hi ngst hatar ebl ue. ” L edbyTi t chener( Cor nel l ) William James-wrote Principles of Psychology. Proponent of functionalism, influential in establishing psychology in the US. Funct i onal i sm: F ocus esonhowbehavi or shel pusadaptt oourenvi r onment“ What ’ st hepur poseofsel f est eem?” L edby James( Har v ar d)

Case study (or case history) Naturalistic observation Survey research Random sample Positive correlation Negative correlation Correlation versus causation Experiment Independent variable Dependent variable Random assignment

Biological perspective Focuses on the biological bases of behavior and mental processes Neurons - Cells that make up the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, etc.) -100 billion+ neurons Types of Neurons - Sensory (or afferent) neurons: Carry messages from sense organs to spinal cord or brain.

- Motor (or efferent) neurons: Carry messages from spinal cord or brain to muscles and glands. - Interneurons (or association neurons): Carry messages from one neuron to another. -Mirror neurons: Specialized neurons (in the frontal and parietal lobes) that become activated when we observe others perform a behavior or express an emotion. - Glial cells (or glia): Cells that insulate and support neurons by holding them together, provide nourishment and remove waste products, prevent harmful substances from passing into brain, and form myelin sheath.

- Cell body (soma) – nucleus with chromosomes - Dendrites – receive information from other neurons - Axon – transmits information to other neurons, muscles, and glands

Action potential The action potential is the sequence of electrical charges moving down the cell – the firing of the nerve cell. Neurotransmitters -Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit information across the synaptic gap. -Neurotransmitters bind to specific receptor sites in a lock-and-key system. What happens when Neurotransmitters connects with the Synapse? -Reuptake—Neurotransmitters are absorbed back into the presynaptic neuron -Enzyme Deactivation (Disassembly)—Neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes in the synapse -Autoreceptors— Neurotransmitters bind to autoreceptor sites -Neurotransmitters passively drift out of the synaptic gap

Dopamine and Parkinson’s disease Parkinson happens as a results from the death of neurons that produce dopamine (influences movement) Symptoms: Difficulty moving, tremors Reticular formation and personality A nerve network in the brainstem, controls arousal Amygdala Part of the limbic system involved in emotion and aggression. Hippocampus part of the limbic system involved in learning and memory. Cerebral cortex??? Left hemisphere of brain Right hemisphere of brain Corpus callosum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Plasticity Transduction Sensation Perception Gestalt psychology Monocular cues (object size, interposition) Perceptual constancy Expectancy effects (or perceptual set)...