Psychology Exam 1 study guide - Intro To Psychology PDF

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Exam 1 study guide, Jorgensen PSYCH 2030, fall 2015...

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Psychology Exam 1 9/2/15 Base rate = number of natural occurrences Psychology: study of brain and behavior, originated from physiology and philosophy Empiricism: conclusions/knowledge, direct observation, tested, no hard facts/proof Wilhelm Wundt = “father” of psychology, 1879 lab in Germany Most growth in psychology happened in the U.S. G. Stanley Hall = America’s first lab and psychological journal, first pres of APA Two schools of thought: 1) Structuralism- “what,” analyze consciousness; introspection, subjective 2) Functionalism- “why,” investigative purpose of consciousness, led to behaviorism and applied psychology 6 theoretical perspectives 1) Psychoanalysis – Freud, unconscious  1900  academia didn’t like b/c there wasn’t research  lay people didn’t like b/c it was too sexual for the time  unconscious > conscious 2) Behaviorism – scientific study of psych should only be observable behavior  John Watson: “behavior is governed by environment”  Nurture vs. nature  B.F. Skinner – determinism (environment determines behavior)  No such thing as “free will” 3) Humanism – emphasizes unique quality of being human, no research 4) Cognitive  1950s  dominant perspective in modern world 5) Biological – physiological processes  Brain chemistry  Mind-body behavior 6) Evolutionary – adaptive value  Survival of the “fittest” – reproduction  Waist to hip ratio = .7  Untestable, post hoc Experiment: manipulate variable under controlled conditions and observe the change in the 2nd variable Independent variable- experiment controls Dependent variable- results/outcome Experimental group- receives special treatment Control group- does not receive special treatment, used to compare results Random assignment- each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to either group To show cause and effect: 1) Have an experiment (manipulate a variable, control group)

2) Have random assignment 3) Large group Correlation DOES NOT EQUAL causation (z could be causing x and y) Operational definition- a concrete definition of what it is that you are measuring before the experiment Population- all members of a specified group Sample- a subset of a population Sampling bias- sample is not representative of the population; cannot generalize Random sampling- people have an equal chance of being chosen for the experiment Experimental bias- researcher’s expectations influence the outcome Placebo effect- participant’s expectations influence the outcome Hypothesis- prediction about the relationship between two or more variables Theory- inter-related set on concepts used to explain a set of observations and make predictions about the results of future experiments Falsifiability- a theory must be states in a way that is could be proven false (real science must be falsifiable and testable) Correlation coefficient- measures the strength and direction, predicts, sign only determines direction, absolute value tells strength Statistics- use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data Two types of statistics: 1) descriptive: organize/summarize  central tendency- mean, median mode  variability- in context standard deviation 2) inferential: interpret, drawing conclusions, based on the likelihood of chance, statistical significance Area Focus of Research Developmental Human development across a lifespan, primarily childhood at first, now adolescence, adulthood, and old age Social Interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces in governing behavior attitude formation/change, prejudice, conformity, attraction, relationships Educational How people learn and best ways to teach, curriculum design, motivation Health How psychological factors relate to physical health and the causation/prevention/treatment of illness Physiological Influence of genetic factors on behavior, role of the brain, NS, endocrine, and bodily chemicals Experimental Encompasses the traditional core of topics that psychology focused on heavily in its first half-century: sensation, perception, learning, conditioning Cognitive “higher” mental processes memory, reasoning, problem solving Psychometrics Measurement of behavior and capacities, development of psychological tests to assess personality, intelligence Personality Describing consistency in behavior, personality assessment Clinical  severe disorders such as dementia, stroke, seizure

Counseling day-to-day problems of moderate severity overlaps with clinical Reading Notes Psychology = Greek for psyche (the soul) and logos (study) Hall established the first American research laboratory in psychology at Johns Hopkins William James – Principles of Psychology, most influential text, “stream of consciousness” Introspection- the careful, systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience Women in psychology: Mary Whiton Calkins, Margaret Floy Washburn, Leta Stetter Hollingworth Psychoanalytic theory- attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior Positive psychology- uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human experience. 3 areas of interest: positive subjective experiences (positive emotions i.e. love, happiness), positive individual traits (personal strengths), and positive institutions and communities (how societies can foster strong families, healthful work environments) Culture- widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations...