Psychology lecture 24- music PDF

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lecture on music, the effect music has on sport participation, the theory of musics impact on athletes, and measuring the motivational qualities of music....

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Sport & Exercise Psychology Lecture 24- Music Aims     

Explore important musical characteristics that impact the effectiveness of music in sport & exercise situations. Outline a contextual framework for understanding the effect of music. Consider the benefits and effects of music. Identify measures commonly used to assess motivational qualities of music Understand current limitations in research assessing music.

Background The beneficial effect of using music in sport & exercise situations has a long history & strong appeal. It has the capacity to capture attention, lift mood, generate emotion, evoke memories, increase work output and reduce inhibitions, all of which can be used to benefit performance.

What is music? Music is a simple stimulus that is effortlessly absorbed and appreciated. A piece of music requires the careful organisation of several elements:        

Melody Harmony Rhythm Tempo Meter Timbre Lyrics Dynamics

These elements function together to create the music. Melody Melody is often the highest-pitched part of a piece of music. People tend to sing, hum, or whistle along to melody of music. The line is usually distinctive & memorable. They’re constructed using a scale or combining scales. Scale= an arrangement of notices in an order. Emotional tone of music can be transmitted by the melody. Harmony Harmony is made when notes or melodies sound simultaneously. The combining of notes acts to shape the mood of the music to make the listener feel happy, sad, calm or anxious. This is what gives music its distinctive ‘flavour’.

Rhythm Rhythm is the way notes are distributed over time & accented. When doing a task, rhythm is the primary consideration. The rhythmic regularity of music can assist in movements required for certain tasks. Tempo Tempo concerns the speed which music is played and is commonly measured in beats per minute. Music with a fast tempo is generally regarded as happy & stimulating, whereas pieces with slow tempi sound sad. Whilst rhythm & tempo are commonly used interchangeably, a rhythm can be played at fast or slow tempo. Meter Meter concerns how fast a piece of music feels regardless of its tempo. It entails how tones are group over time- meter depends on the listeners perception of what the pulse is. meter is a critical consideration when joining music with activities of varying intensities. Meter concerns how fast a piece of music feels regardless of its tempo. It entails how tones are group over time- meter depends on the listeners perception of what the pulse is. meter is a critical consideration when joining music with activities of varying intensities. Lyrics Lyrics are the words of a song, which we normally hear in verses and choruses. The meaning of a songs lyrics can be explicit or implicit- they can make direct statements that are easy to understand (explicit) or suggested statements that aren’t directly expressed (implicit). Lyrics can express meaning through the use of literary devices such as similes and metaphors. Timbre Timbre is the quality of the sound produced by different instruments- allows us to distinguish between two instruments playing the same note. Timbre is essential to consider in sport & usually determines the combination of instruments used in events. Dynamics Dynamic concerns the energy transmitted by musicians through touch or breath to affect loudness. For example how hard a musician hits a piano key. Referred to as the amplitude of the sound wave being produced.

Theoretical framework The original conceptual framework used to predict the effects of music had four factors: 

Rhythm response- natural responses to musical rhythm, especially tempo

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Musicality- pitch related element such as harmony and melody Cultural impact- pervasiveness of music within society or subculture group Association- extra musical associations that music may cause

These four factors contribute to the motivational quality a piece of music has. The four factors were thought to be hierarchical, with rhythm response being the most important and association the least important.

Benefits of music       

Increased positive mood & reduced negative mood Pre-event activation or relaxation Dissociation from unpleasant feelings Reduced perceived exertion Extended work output Enhanced acquisition of motor skills Increased likelihood of flow states

Application of music in sport & exercise Pre-task Music has successfully been shown to be an effective stimulant or relaxant before game depending on the needs of the athlete. During Music can cause positive affective states and distract exercisers from unpleasant feelings such as fatigue.

Measuring effects of music Practitioners in sport environments usually select music in an arbitrary manner- fail to consider the motivational characteristics fully. This shows a need for standardising a theory based method of selecting music. There have been two attempts to create a scale for motivational qualities of music- the Brunel Music rating inventory (BRMI) and the Brunel music rating inventory-2 (BMRI-2).

Brunel music rating inventory was a good fit for the four-factor hierarchical model, weaknesses were established. This led to the BMRI being redesigned, with an extensive qualitative appraisal of the scale by participants.

Brunel music rating inventory-2

The BMRI-2 focuses on the internal factors of the framework, not the external (person) factors. Further limitations have been identified with this version in relation to the nature of responses reported....