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Take Test: Quiz 1QUESTION 1 Atrial fibrillation can cause all of the following except A .reduced filling of the left ventricle B .increased risk of strokeC .development of ventricular aneurysmD .increased risk of atrial thrombosisE .absence of atrial systole1 pointsQUESTION 2 Chronic heart failure t...

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Take Test: Quiz 1 QUESTION 1 1.

Atrial fibrillation can cause all of the following except

A reduced filling of the left . ventricle B increased risk of stroke . C development of ventricular . aneurysm D increased risk of atrial . thrombosis E absence of atrial systole . 1 points

Q UEST I O N 2 1.

Chronic heart failure that develops as a complication of long standing systemic hypertension generally results from

A large coagulative necrosis . B ventricular outflow obstruction . C decreased systemic vascular . resistance D ventricular volume overload . E atrial inflow obstruction . 1 points

Q UEST I O N 3 1. Infarction of the anterior wall and anterior septum of the left ventricle would result from the occlusion of A left circumflex artery . B right coronary artery . C coronary sinus . D posterior . descending artery E left anterior descending . artery 1 points

Q UEST I O N 4 1.

Pericarditis could cause a reduction in cardiac output as a result of which of the following?

A weak myocardial contractions due to friction .

B myocardial ischaemia due to widespread atherosclerosis . C delays in the conduction system, interfering with normal . cardiac rhythm D excess fluid in the pericardial cavity, which decreases . ventricular filling E incompetent valves, which allow regurgitation of blood . 1 points

Q UEST I O N 5 1.

Important finding supporting diagnosis of heart failure is

A reduced ejection fraction on . ultrasonography B reduced cardiac creatine kinase level . in blood C positive D-dimer blood test . D presence of ventricular ectopic beats . on ECG E increased pO2 in blood . 1 points

Q UEST I O N 6 1. Cyanosis of the affected leg can occur in DVT because of A . increased filtration of fluid into interstitial space B . accumulation of deoxygenated haemoglobin C . decreased capillary pressure D . decreased level of haemoglobin in blood E . increased inflow of arterial blood 1 points

Q UEST I O N 7 1. Which of the following would not be expected in right heart failure? A distended neck veins . B liver congestion . C ascites . D paroxysmal nocturnal . dyspnoea E peripheral dependant . oedema 1 points

Q UEST I O N 8

1.

Which if the following would indicate that pulmonary infarction has occurred during pulmonary embolism?

A hypoxaemia . B breathlessness . C .

sharp pleuritic pain

D positive D-dimer in . blood E distended neck veins . 1 points

Q UEST I O N 9 1.

Underfilling of the systemic circulation is not a main mechanism in ____________ shock.

A hypovolae . mic B haemorrha . gic C anaphylacti . c D neurogenic . E cardiogenic . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 10 1. Pathophysiologically constrictive pericarditis would increase A systemic blood pressure . B left ventricular stroke volume . C cardiac output . D size of the ventricular chambers . E diastolic pressure in the right . ventricle 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 11 1. Which statement about inflammatory oedema is correct? A it is primarily caused by venous congestion . B it is typically seen in lower parts of the body . C .

it is largely due to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans secondary to overproduction of fibroblasts

D . it E . it

contains inflammatory cells but not plasma proteins leads to increase of interstitial fluid colloid-osmotic pressure 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 12 1. The biggest problem in ventricular fibrillation is A pulmonary congestion . B backflow of blood from LV to . LA C absence of cardiac output . D increase in systemic blood . pressure E increased risk for DVT/PE . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 13 1.

Which of the following is increased in progressive emphysema?

A residual lung volume . B gas exchange membrane . surface C tidal volume . D vital capacity . E forced expiratory volume . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 14 1. What causes the expanded anteroposterior thoracic diameter (barrel chest) in patients with emphysema? A accumulation of air in the pleural . cavity B excessive air trapping in alveolar . spaces C compression on the lungs by the . diaphragm D loss of elasticity of the chest wall . E increased peak expiratory flow rate . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 15 1.

When stroke volume decreases (as in heart failure), which of the following processes could help maintain the cardiac output?

A decreased venous return

. B increased heart rate . C generalised vasodilation . D increased perfusion of the . kidneys E decreased peripheral . resistance 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 16 1. How does total obstruction of the airway lead to atelectasis? A decreased surfactant production impairs lung expansion . B alveolar walls are destroyed distal to the obstruction . C air continues to be inspired but is trapped distal to the . obstruction D lung tissue is compressed by air in the pleural cavity . E air is absorbed from the alveoli distal to the obstruction . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 17 1. Reduced ____________________ would not be expected in restrictive lung disorders. A TLC . B SpO2 . C lung compliance . D VC . E .

Tiffeneau-Pinelli Index 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 18 1. Excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid is generally viewed as detrimental

to tissue function because oedema formation A . B .

leads to increased venous return and increased preload increases the diffusion distance for oxygen and other nutrients

C . increases tissue demand for oxygen and nutrients D . leads to development of cellular dysplasia E . can produce serious hypoxaemia 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 19

1.

The normal delay in electrical conduction through the AV node in the heart is essential for

A limiting the time for a myocardial . contraction B allowing AV valves to close . C preventing an excessively rapid heart rate . D allowing the ventricles to contract before . the atria E completing ventricular filling . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 20 1.

The main abnormality in mitral insufficiency is

A abnormal flow of blood from left ventricle to right . ventricle B significantly narrowed semilunar valves . C regurgitation of blood from aorta into LV . D flow of blood from LV to LA during ventricular . systole E restricted ventricular wall stretching and filling . with blood 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 21 1. _______________________ suggests that a neoplasm is malignant. A Cellular hyperplasia . B Presence of connective tissue . capsule C Cellular anaplasia . D Hydropic change . E Excessive cell proliferation . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 22 1. Which of the following would be particularly characteristic of chronic bronchitis? A accumulation of IgE in airway . walls B marked dilations of bronchi . C formation of bullae on the lung . surface D fibrosis of the bronchial wall .

E decreased activity of the mucous . glands 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 23 1. Cystic fibrosis would present in infancy with all of the following except A large bulky stools . B frequent respiratory . infections C . liver cirrhosis D failure to thrive . E persistent inspiratory . crackles 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 24 1.

An 8-year-old boy cuts his hand on a piece of glass. Two days later there is an open sore surrounded by swelling. His forearm is tender with red streaks extending towards the axilla. What is most likely happening here?

A disseminated intravascular coagulation . B hypersensitivity reaction to allergens entering the . open wound C localised arterial blood clotting . D development of thrombophlebitis in regional veins . E lymphangitis secondary to bacterial wound infection . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 25 1. Varicose ulcers are generally slow to heal because of A stenotic venous valves block flow of . venous blood B reduced oxygenation of blood in the lungs . C venous atherosclerosis reduces venous . blood flow D arterial blood supply to the area is . decreased E arterial vasodilation in the area . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 26 1. _______________ develops as a consequence of pneumothorax. A extrinsic allergic alveolitis .

B lung atelectasis . C pneumoconiosis . D filling of alveolar spaces with . fluid E bronchiectasis . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 27 1. The presence of squamous epithelium in the respiratory airways of a person

with a history of heavy smoking is consistent with A . coagulative necrosis B metaplastic change . C . healing through regeneration D . type I hypersensitivity E . chronic inflammation 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 28 1. Very important process in development of suppurative inflammation is A release of endotoxins into the . circulation B deganulation of mast cells . C production of IgE antibodies . D release of hydrolytic enzymes from . neutrophils E activation of eosinophil leukocytes . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 29 1. Which of the following is a manifestation of closed pneumothorax? A presence of fluid in alveoli on the . affected side B decreased respiratory rate . C prominent wheezing on the affected . side D increased breath sounds on the . affected side E asymmetrical chest movements . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 30

1.

Which of the following is unlikely to cause hypoxaemia and central cyanosis?

A serious pulmonary . embolism B status asthmaticus . C serious pneumonia . D non-infective pericarditis . E pulmonary oedema . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 31 1. The main contributing factor in airway obstruction in emphysema is A persistent contraction of airway smooth . muscle B fibrosis and thickening of the airways . C presence of air in the pleural cavity . D presence of fluid in alveolar spaces . E collapse of small airways due to loss of . alveoli 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 32 1.

Rheumatic heart disease usually manifests in later years as

A ventricular aneurysm . B cardiac arrhythmias and heart . murmurs C essential hypertension . D mural thrombosis and systemic . embolism E pericarditis and pericardial rub . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 33 1.

Growth and development of a child with cystic fibrosis may be delayed because of

A mucus plugs obstructing the flow of pancreatic . enzymes B abnormal salivary secretions . C deficit of gastric enzymes for protein digestion . D increased production of protein-rich sputum . E loss of too much electrolytes in sweat .

1 points

Q U E S T I O N 34 1. The main mechanism of hypoxaemia is severe asthma is A good ventilation of poorly perfused alveoli . B substantial destruction of alveolar wall due to hyperinflation . C reduced lung compliance caused by development of . pulmonary congestion D difficult diffusion of gases through the accumulating intra. alveolar fluid E decreased V/Q ratio due to perfusion of poorly ventilated . alveoli 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 35 1. Airway obstruction in asthma can be caused by all of the following except A increased airway wall thickness . B oedema of bronchial mucosa . C increased mucus production in . airways D contraction of bronchial smooth . muscle E presence of fluid in alveoli . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 36 1. Which of the following statements is correct? A tissue affected by congestion is warm and red . B congestion leads to increased blood hydrostatic . pressure C right sided heart failure typically causes pulmonary . congestion D tissue affected by hyperaemia is cyanotic . E hyperaemia results from vasoconstriction . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 37 1.

Compensation mechanism for decreased cardiac output in cases of congestive heart failure includes

A decreased coagulability of blood . B reduced erythropoietin release . C increased production of renin and .

aldosterone D increased urinary output . E slow cardiac contractions . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 38 1.

Hypertrophic cardyomyopathy would be suggested when

A there is increased thickness of the fibrous pericardium . B there is concentric hypertrophy of the LV . C .

LV hypertrophy occurs in the absence of a clear cause for hypertrophy

D there is increased thickness of atrial and not ventricular muscle . E ventricular chambers enlarge for no clear reason . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 39 1.

One complication of emphysema is

A allergic alveolitis . B cystic fibrosis . C spontaneous . pneumothorax D pleural effusion . E pulmonary fibrosis . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 40 1. What effect will chronic hypertension have on left ventricular muscle? A . development of hypertrophy B . coagulative necrosis of cardiac muscle cells C development of reactive myocarditis . D . hyperplasia of cardiac muscle cells E . replacement of muscle cells with connective

tissue cells 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 41 1. What is the acid-base status of a patient with the following values for arterial blood gases: serum bicarbonate 36.5 mmol/L (normal range: 22-28) pCO2 75 mm Hg (normal range: 35-45) and serum pH 7.0? A metabolic . alkalosis

B respiratory . alkalosis C respiratory . acidosis D metabolic . acidosis E hyperventilation . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 42 1.

Why does cor pulmonale develop with chronic pulmonary disease?

A thrombosis occurs in pulmonary circulation . B too much blood comes back from the lungs . C the right ventricle pumps more blood than the left . ventricle D pulmonary fibrosis and vasoconstriction increase vascular . resistance E demands on the left ventricle are excessive . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 43 1.

Pulmonary oedema can cause hypoxaemia because of

A reduced diffusion of oxygen into the . blood B accumulation of carbon dioxide in the . blood C widespread airway obstruction . D reduced concentration of haemoglobin . in blood E leakage of oxygen into the pulmonary . cavity 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 44 1. Infective endocarditis A usually develops as a complication of myocardial . infarction B is generally caused by viruses . C leads to accumulation of fluid in . the pericardial cavity D typically affects heart valves . E can lead to development of cardiac tamponade .

1 points

Q U E S T I O N 45 1. Which of the following descriptions is consistent with pleuritic pain? A unilateral, sharp, stabbing pain worse on . inspiration/coughing B deep, dull and poorly localised chest pain . C constant, severe, crushing, substernal pain . D burning, scalding pain that radiates into the throat . E tightness, heaviness or constriction in the chest . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 46 1.

Which of the following clinical conditions is most likely to complicate leg varicosites?

A pulmonary . thromboembolism B gangrene of toes . C . skin ulceration

peripheral

D atherosclerosis . E systemic embolism . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 47 1.

Which factor usually causes metabolic acidosis to develop in association with hypoxia?

A anaerobic metabolism . B liver dysfunction . C increased blood volume . D compensation by the . kidneys E failure to excrete carbon . dioxide 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 48 1.

What would be the best advice to a person who complains of intermittent claudication while walking? A elevate the legs when sitting . B avoid walking as much as possible .

C use compression stockings while walking . D stay in bed as long as possible to reduce risk of . pulmonary embolism E continue walking as tolerated . 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 49 1.

Which of the following would not be be expected in pulmonary embolism?

A right ventricular strain . B lung infarction . C pulmonary hypertension . D hypoxaemia . E reduced minute volume of . breathing 1 points

Q U E S T I O N 50 1. The renin-angiotensin–aldosterone system is very important in volume homeostasis after blood loss. The system can be activated by A increased preload . B increased sympathethic . discharge C increase in renal perfusion . D right atrial distension . E renal congestion ....