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HORT*3430 Quiz 1 Unit 1 1. Where is the purported centre of origin for Vitis vinifera? Between the Black sea, open to the Mediterranean, and inland, further east to the Caspian Sea, the area bordered by north eastern Turkey, Northern Iraq, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. 2. Who was Eumolpus and what was his role in the evolution of vineyard cultivation? Eumolpus was an Athenian who is said to have taught the romans the cultivation of vines, so they were still learning from the Greeks. 3. Name some areas where Roman conquerors planted grapevines and some adjacent areas where they probably did not. Gaul, then spreading north into what is now Burgundy and then Bordeaux. Gauls may have planted vines in the Moselle in Germany. In present day France, Austria, Hungary and England vine culture has become part of the agricultural landscape. 4. Why did viticulture survive the Dark Ages? Wine was used as part of a sacrament, part of the Christian worship ritual. Thrived in Europe after the development of city states and varieties were gradually selected for high sugar, easy ripening, good production and good fermentation. 5. Why did sherry and port become valuable trade items?

6. What regions are likely to have a commercial raisin trade? Eastern Mediterranean, North African and Asian. South Africa, Australia and north western and south western America. 7. Why did European grapes fail in eastern North America? Pests, and foliar diseases, which are also exacerbated by serious winter cold. 8. Why did European vineyards fail in the late 19th century? Due to the infestation of grape pests, causing a dramatic loss of vineyards. 9. How did the grape pests get to Europe and then to the European colonies? Grape pests came from America, first arriving in Europe, then to the European colonies.

Unit 2 1. Name several Vitis relatives that are not grapevines. Proles occidentalis, proles orientalis, and proles pntica. Which includes Vitis vinifera sylvestris, Vitis vinifera sativa, 2. What does proles mean? Proles means varieties that are not grapevines. 3. Which common varieties belong to the Vitis vinifera proles occidentalis group?

4. What special characteristic distinguishes varieties in proles pontica from varieties in proles orientalis? Proles orientalis are characterized by clusters that are large and loose, berry type is usually oval and there is a tendency toward seedlessness. 5. What are the main characteristics of Vitis riparia? Characterized by variations in winter hardiness and photoperiod response, but the species is generally very winter tolerant, ripens in a short season, tolerant to most North American pests, particularly phylloxera and tend to be fruitful. Vigorous, high climbing vine, and because its native habitat is stream banks, it is tolerant to wet soil. Fruit are very small, acidic but with elevated sugars and free of most objectionable flavours, tends to have strong herbaceous overtones. 6. What are the main characteristics of Vitis berlandieri? Characterized by its very high line conditions in soil, very desirable for European soil conditions. It has study vines, not climbing to great heights, the fruit ripens late and is very juicy and pleasant, is high in both acid and sugar. 7. Which grape species are not native to mainland North America? V. caibea, V.amurensis 8. If Vitis amurensis is so cold hardy, why is not used more frequently in breeding for cold hardiness? It breaks bud easily in unstable winter conditions, is very susceptible to powdery mildew and is not particularly resistant to phylloxera. It has been used in some breeding programs for winter hardiness, but with limited success. Its hybrids have a distinct black currant or cassis flavour

9. Why aren’t Vitis californica and Vitis. girdiana used for rootstocks and/or scions since they are also North American species? They are not resistant to eastern diseases or pests. 10. Ampelography is a special branch of what science? Viticulture 11. Which plant characteristics are usually used for recognizing most grape varieties? The shape of these leaf parts, along with the prominence of the veins within these lobes, the presence/absence/type of leaf hairs on the upper or lower surface, the shape and frequency of the dentation (teeth) at the leaf margins, the general colour of the mature leaves, the colour of the very young leaves and shoot tips 12. Grape flowers are pentamerous but one organ does not follow this rule. What is it? The sepal ring 13. At what stage do grape berries grow by cell expansion? During stage III 14. What are the sexual characteristics of the flowers of most wild grape species? Capfall indicates pollination or anthesis and pollen is released from the anthers at this point to fertilize the flower on which they are borne or other neighbouring flowers. Grapes are self fertile, meaning they will self pollinate, allowing for large acreages of the same variety. Unit 3 1. How long is the complete vegetative cycle of a grapevine? From spring until late fall/winter 2. How long is the complete reproductive cycle of the grapevine? Spring and summer 3. How much of the floret development occurs in the season previous? Floret development early the following spring 4. How long is the vine dependent on stored reserves during spring growth?

5. What factors will affect both this year's and next year's bloom simultaneously? Stressors: environmental, physiological, or pest derived 6. What is stenospermocarpy? The production of abortive incompletely developed seeds (seedless grape) with normal development of the berry 7. What is millerandage? Where many seedless berries set and mature in a normally seeded variety 8. What happens during the lag phase of berry development? When the embryo and seed complete development. The endocarp (seed coat) hardens and the embryo grows rapidly and reaches maximum size 9. Grapes are non-climacteric fruits. What does this mean, physiologically? There is no large increase in respiration rate, CO2 or ethylene evolution at the onset of ripening, and yet the onset of ripening in grape berries is quite distinct. 10. What major chemical changes occur as grape berries ripen? The concentrations of sugars, amino acids, and phenolic compounds (anthocyanins), decrease in acidity, flavor and aroma 11. What major metabolic change occurs after véraison? Final swell occurs due to rapid cell expansion and the active intake of sugars against concentration gradient. Berries soften, accumulate sugars, decrease in acidity and begin to colour. Chlorophyll content decreases 12. What chemical components are not in the skin of a grape berry? Potassium, sucrose, malic acid, terpenes The main anthocyanidins in vinifera varieties are malvidin, cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin and peonidin with each variety having a unique colour profile 13. What major factors govern the formation of anthocyanins?

Attachment of glucoside moieties results in anthocyanins, the most common of which is malvidin 3-monoglucoside in coloured vinifera varieties. 14. What family of chemicals is classed as unpleasant and herbaceous in one variety but a desirable characteristic flavour in another? Methoxypyrazines 15. How many axillary buds are there at the base of a leaf and do they develop simultaneously? Two Unit 4

1. Describe the general texture of a glacio-fluvial deposit. Created by water movement; coarse, mixed gravels and stones from riverbed, those created by still or very slow-moving water are very fine textured, highly stratified and very dense soil. 2. What are some of the physiographic features of the Niagara area, created as a result of glacial action?

3. What is the most important characteristic of a coarse soil which make it good for grape production? Coarse soils allow water to run through freely and dense, drain well 4. Why are clay soils good for grape production? Mineral and nutrient retention 5. What glacial event causes an esker? Glacio-fluvial deposits 6. Why are clay soils considered very reactive? They have the potential to change volume and shift with changes in the amount of moisture in the soil 7. What factors will prevent a grapevine root system from penetrating the soil profile?

Physical and chemical makeup 8. What soil conditions will promote a good healthy grapevine root system? The root environment needs to be dry and deep, encouraging a large root system that can explore for water to sustain it during the dry summer season and yet drain enough to minimize waterlogging over the wet winter. Root health becomes more important as you push the envelope of grape growing to more northerly (or extreme southerly) regions 9. In cold climates, what soil conditions will compromise a grapevine root system, making it vulnerable to damage? Fine soils are more compromising to the grapevine root system in cold climates 10. What 3 main factors will determine a successful vineyard location in a cold northern climate, such as Niagara? Microclimate, mesoclimate, and macroclimate 11. Why are grapes now being grown successfully and commercially outside their native Mediterranean and Asian areas, whereas this was not the case 200 years ago? New World areas are also hot and dry, but there are now plenty of exceptions where grapes are being grown commercially in cool, very cold or even tropical conditions 12. What number of frost free days is generally considered minimum for vinifera wine grapes to ripen properly and why is this measurement so imprecise? Frost-free days should be about 180 or approximately 6 months for conventional vinifera varieties to ripen. Early varieties may ripen in as little as 160 days and some interpecific hybrids may ripen in about 100-110 days

13. How do you calculate heat summation or heat units? Calculated using the mean daily temperature in °C (sum of (mean daily maximum + mean daily minimum) divided by 2), subtracting 10 (grapevines do not grow much below 10°C) and summing the days over the year 14. What is the range of heat units required for very early white vinifera varieties Mean temperature of the warmest month should be about 19-20°C to accumulate enough heat to fully mature vinifera varieties 15. Why do people grow interspecific hybrids in cold regions?

Low temperatures can be survived by many interspecific hybrids, even to as low as -35°C to -40°C with riparia or amurensis hybrids 16. Southern Ontario has a MTWM warmer than recommended and a MTCM colder than recommended by some viticulturists. Why do we insist on growing grapes here?

17. What critical piece of climatic information will help to assess spring frost probability of a new region? Winter severity and spring warm up: The mean maximum temperature for April (in the northern hemisphere) should not be greater than 12 °C if there is a high risk of late spring frosts during the month 18. In what regions is the latitude–temperature index necessary to assess variety suitability? For cooler districts where there is a great deal of difference in adaptability of a variety in districts with relatively subtle differences in heat unit accumulation. 19. If variety suitability is defined by being consistently ripe in a district, why are some varieties grown outside their suitability zone? Matching a variety with the climate can be much more interesting because it opens up a whole world of interspecific hybrids and local indigenous, non-vinifera varieties. 20. Appellation rules govern variety use and production methods in a traditional European wine district. Why do they not translate well to the New World? In the New World, variety definition is left up to the producer except where quality designations are imposed, most of which come with a list of proscribed varieties. 21. Site selection will make or break a vineyard. Is there any one parameter which is the most critical to vineyard success? Terroir, mesoclimate 22. In an area where winter freeze and spring/fall frost are a risk, which siting parameters are the most critical to managing these risks? Slope aspect is critical to manage these risks: At northern regions a north slope is considered advantageous, minimizing the risk of early bud break and subsequent risk of spring frost damage.

23. In a very steep north-south valley, why is it important where you locate the vineyard on the hillside? Steepness of the valley and the width of the valley floor will influence the cold air pooling and how high up the valley sides the frost will pool on quiet evenings. The direction of the valley in relation to the prevailing winds will also influence the amount of precipitation, with one side being a rain shadow and the other benefiting from the precipitation. The rain shadow may be advantageous in wet regions (e.g. south east corner of Vancouver Island), or the rainy side in desert regions (Okanagan Valley). 24. If you try to grow grapes at very low latitudes, how can you compensate for the tropical climate? Unit 5 1. Variety choice is the ultimate decision for a wine makers’ vineyard. Which parameter should be the most important in a variety choice? Geography, final use, length of growing season, and manner they are managed 2. You have a farm that is flat, inland, hot and dry in midsummer but frost prone. What varieties would be your best economic choice a) with a wind machine, b) without a wind machine? a) Red Varieties b) Red varieties 3. Which climatic patterns are best suited to minimal pesticides or organic production systems for vineyards? Dry, sunny areas 4. What is a clone of a variety, as used in the description of grape varieties? A cone of a variety is when a cutting or bud of a “mother” plant or vine is taken, a second plant is then generated that will be genetically identical to the first. The older a grape variety, the more clones there will be 5. Why is growing vinifera grapes organically difficult in the north eastern part of North America? Disease prone 6. Why are there so many clones of Pinot noir? The pinot noir variety is quite variable and a loose collection of plant material genetically related but with small spontaneous variations isolated by geography

7. Why not name different clones of a variety as a different variety, rather than using numbers? Using clones allows for the continuation of the original name for the end product and less confusion in the market place 8. Why are vinifera vines grafted? vinifera varieties grown in most of the New World and vinifera varieties grown in contaminated areas of the Old World are all grafted as a result of the spread of phylloxera. 9. Why are many hybrids and native varieties not grafted?

10. Which grape species are resistant to phylloxera? Muscadinia and M. rotundifolia 11. Why do vinifera roots die after phylloxera attack and other tolerant species do not? Tolerant species will form a corky periderm around the feeding punctures, isolating the wound in what is called a hypersensitive reaction to the pest. Susceptible and less tolerant species do not form these layers readily. and on the young roots, kinks or nodosities will form, sheltering the feeding mother aphids. 12. Which school of thought eventually prevailed commercially to combat the ravages of phylloxera in France? Three schools of thought emerged – control the insect, graft the vines to a better root system, or breed new vines with root tolerance so that they don't need grafting. Grafting and tolerant varieties are still the only commercially successful answers today 13. How were North American species used for rootstock different from vinifera? The North American species used have many other different attributes – tolerance of saline soils, nematodes, high calcium (chalky) soils, wet soils, dry soils, intermittent rainfall, winter cold and some (Muscadinia) true resistance to many of these conditions except cold. 14. If vinifera was not very phylloxera tolerant, why was it used in some rootstock breeding? For lime tolerance, vinifera is still the best, followed distantly by Berlandieri. 15. Which grape species has the best nematode tolerance?

Muscadinia 16. What parts of the plant are used in vegetative propagation? Hardwood cuttings, soft wood cuttings, hardwood grafts, softwood grafts, meristem cuttings or other pieces of the vine that can regenerate roots and shoots are all used in vegetative propagation 17. Why is vegetative propagation used in horticulture? Vegetative propagation is used because the phenotype of the variety is fixed and a group of identical individuals is created 18. What is the normal means of grapevine propagation of grapevine in Ontario? Hardwood cutting 19. Why do you need to keep bottom heat on hardwood cuttings?

20. What are the advantages of using artificial mixes for greenhouse propagation? Prevents water logging, avoid rapid root growth 21. What is the advantage of green shoot propagation? Used particularly with varieties that are recalcitrant and do not root readily as hardwood cuttings or when plant material is scarce 22. Describe bench grafting. Bench grafting is when the mother vines are retained in the greenhouse, forced early in the winter and green shoot cuttings taken all spring and early summer from the same vines. New vines will have to be over wintered carefully because they are not as sturdy as hardwood cuttings the same age. No time is saved in the production of these vines, but many more individuals can be produced from the same number of mother vines. Bench grafting is when vines are created indoors during the dormant season, not on existing vines already in the field. 23. What is the normal timeframe to create a finished bench graft and have it ready for spring planting? Approx. 3 weeks 24. When is layering or tipping used to propagate plants?

Layering or tipping is used in non-grafted vineyards, another method of propagation is sometimes used to fill in spaces in a mature vineyard 25. What is the danger of using green, active potted vines for field planting? Using green, active potted vines Although allowing planting a year earlier, these vines are more delicate, irrigation must be available, and under poor field conditions, may go into shock, stop growing and not be any further ahead the following spring when the conventional dormant vine is planted 26. Good land preparation is critical to establishing a successful vineyard. What is the best sequence of events in order to prepare a new field? When preparing a field, the new piece of land should have access to adequate water, permission to build catchment ponds if irrigation is planned, and it should have access to a downstream water course if artificial drainage is to be installed. It should also be close to access roads and other amenities if the public is to be part of the business plan. It should be close to ready labour if it is not to be mechanized or table grapes are the end product. 27. Which components of a field description and field history will give you an indication of vigour potential for a new vineyard? coarse well drained soils, a stable ground water table and reasonable fertility 28. How far apart should you plant grapevines?

29. Why are vineyard rows oriented north-south at this latitude? Vineyard rows are oriented north-south in order to maximize sunlight interpretation. In addition, north-south rows enhance air drainage from the prevailing south or north westerly winds, encouraging fast drying of vine foliage during the day. 30. What is the best pre-plant treatment of a field to increase organic matter? In order to increase organic matter, cover crops can be used (coarse, high fibre crops like sorghum-sudan grass), add high nitrogen (like alfalfa and other legumes), decrease nematode populations (brown mustard and other cruciferae) or just add to the biodiversity (native pasture)....