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Chapter 1

Question1 Theories are vital tools because they Choose one answer. A. provide organizing frameworks for observing children. B. provide the ultimate truth about child development. C. do not require scientific verification. D. are resistant to the influence of cultural values and belief systems.

Question2 Reid believes that the difference between the immature being and the mature being is simply one of amount or complexity of skill development. Reid views development as Choose one answer. A. discontinuous. B. determined by nature. C. continuous. D. determined by nurture.

Question3 Charlene believes that her daughter’s ability to think in complex ways is largely the result of an inborn timetable of growth. Charlene’s view emphasizes Choose one answer. A. nurture. B. nature. C. plasticity. D. early experiences.

Question4 Both behaviourism and social learning theory have been criticized for Choose one answer. A. overestimating children’s contributions to their own development. B. presenting ideas that are too vague to test empirically. C. emphasizing nature over nurture. D. underestimating children’s contributions to their own development.

Chapter 2

Question5 Heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele for a given trait Choose one answer. A. cannot pass that trait to their children. B. are carriers of the trait. C. will pass the dominant trait to their children. D. will pass the recessive trait to their children.

Question6 Personality variations among siblings is due to Choose one answer. A. germline mutation. B. dominant-recessive inheritance. C. polygenic inheritance.

D. homozygotic inheritance.

Question7 A heritability estimate of .30 for activity level would indicate that differences in __________ could explain ____ of the variation in activity level between children. Choose one answer. A. the environment; 30% B. heredity; 70% C. heredity; 30% D. the environment; 3%

Chapter 3

Question8 Following conception, the one-celled ________ multiplies and forms a(n) ________. Choose one answer. A. blastocyst; zygote

B. blastocyst; embryo C. zygote; blastocyst D. embryo; fetus

Question9 Valerie, who is two-months pregnant, wonders how food and oxygen are delivered to the developing fetus. You should tell Valerie that the ___________ performs this function. Choose one answer. A. chorion B. amnion C. placenta D. neural tube

Question10 The _____ have a long period of sensitivity to teratogens. Choose one answer.

A. hands and feet B. palate and mouth C. arms and legs D. brain and eyes

Question11 List the main assumptions and claims of three theories of child development, noting whether the emphasis is on continuous change or discontinuous change for each theory. (6 points ) Answer: Fraud’s Psychosexual Theory - parents manage child's sexual / aggressive drives - how they manage these issues is critical for development - theory is discontinuous (stages of development) Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory - knowledge is gained as children learn to manipulate their world (active learning) - structures of our mind developed to fit within the external world - equilibrium is struck between structures in our mind and the world we encounter - theory is discontinuous (stages of development) Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory - focus is on how culture and tradition are tranmitted to the coming generation (beliefs, values, skills, customs etc) - children in each culture develop strengths & skills unique to their own culture - theory is both continuous and discontinuous. Language is in stages, but interaction with senior members of community

leads to continuous growth of cultural knowledge.

Question12 Compare and contrast an experimental design with a correlational design. (5 points) Answer: The main difference between an experimental design and a correlation design, is researchers manipulate the variables in an experimental design, while making no attempt to do so in a correlational design. Because the correlation design studies indivuals during their natural life settings (with no attempt to manipulate), all that can be determined is a correlation coefficient (or a relationship between two variables.) Correlation cannot infor causation. However, in an experimental design, the research is done with proper controls to allow causation to be infered. The researcher directly manipulates the independent variable so that they can observe the changes in the dependant variable.

Question13 Identify the three stages of prenatal development. What is distinctive about each stage? (6 points) Answer: Zygote Stage (conception - 2 weeks) - blastocyst is implanted in uterus - basic structures are established (placenta, umbilical cord, amnion with amniotic fluid) - teratogens cannot effect the zygote development, but 30% of zygotes do not survive Embryonic Stage (2 -8 weeks) - period of rapid growth and developement - central nervous system and vital organs all start developing - arms and legs (with fingers and toes) grow from buds - the most serious damage can be done from teratogens in this stage Fetal Stage (8 weeks - birth) - the longest prenatal stage

- considered the growth and finishing stage - the fetus will gain the most weight and length during this stage - no new organs are started... they all began development during the embryonic stage - teratogens can still do damage to the fetus but it is minor in comparison

Question14 Describe dominant-recessive inheritance and provide an example. (3 points) Answer: If each parent has one dominant gene and one recessive Dd (for a particular allele) their offspring have the following, chances of inheritance: - 25% chance of getting 2 dominants (homozygous) DD - 25% chance of getting 2 recessive (homozygous) dd - 50% chance of getting 1 dominant and 1 recessive (heterozygous) Dd Using a simple example of dark hair being dominant (D) and light hair (d) being recessive. If the mom and dad both have dark hair, but are both heterozygous (Dd), and they have 4 children, it would likely look like this: 1 child with dark hair (DD) with 2 dominant genes 2 children with dark hair (Dd) but are carriers for light hair 1 child with light hair (dd) with 2 recessive genes.... this child does not carry a gene for dark hair at all....