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QUIZ #1 REVIEW MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which is the best description of methodology? a. the science of knowing b. the science of finding out c. the discovery of reality through agreement d. the discovery of reality through personal experience REF: p. 7 2. Which view recognizes that scientists are human and, as such, have personal orientations that

affect what they observe and how they explain it? a. postmodern b. premodern c. modern d. ultramodern REF: p. 13 3. Professor Rodgers found that the average level of happiness reported by people under 65

years of age declined from 1957 to 1970. For the same group, the average level of happiness increased slightly from 1971 to 1978. Rodgers also found that the average level of happiness reported by people age 65 and older increased from 1957 to 1978. What is the variable in this study? a. aged 65 and older b. less than age 65 c. age d. age 65 REF: p. 16 4. In an attempt to research people’s level of happiness, Professor Rodgers studied three people

aged 65 or older. It was observed that happiness levels increased from 1957 to 1970. From this sample, it was also concluded that people under 65 years of age were having the same experience. Which error has been committed? a. the error of overgeneralization b. the error of inaccurate observation c. the error of illogical reasoning d. the error of selective observation REF: p. 9

5. In contrast to knowing things only through agreement, what is considered a key source of knowledge? a. media b. current trends c. personal experience d. historical fact REF: p. 5

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Quiz #1 Review Questions

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Quiz #1 Review Questions 6. What does social scientific theory address? a. what should be b. what is and why c. matters of value d. how and where REF: p. 13 7. Which of the following would a sociologist be LEAST likely to study? a. why crime rates are increasing in rural areas b. the incidence of child abuse in middle-income families c. why Sara quit her job d. why unemployment rates are higher for black teens than white teens REF: p. 15 8. Which form does a probabilistic explanation take? a. x is always y b. x is never y c. x tends to be y d. y is always x REF: p. 7 9. One of your friends has earned As on her last 10 exams. Although she studied and felt well-

prepared for the most recent exam, she told you “I know I’m going to flunk this exam. I’ve been doing too well on exams and it is time for me to get an F.” What error is your friend committing? a. illogical reasoning b. inaccurate observation c. selective observation d. overgeneralization REF: p. 9 10. What does the statement “ Knowledge for knowledge’s sake” best describe? a. pure research b. applied research c. inductive logic d. deductive logic REF: p. 26 11. A study reported in American Sociological Review (1994) was entitled “Race Differences in

Sexual Activity Among Adolescent Women.” Which of the following was probably the independent variable in this study? a. race b. sexual activity c. adolescence d. women REF: p. 19

12. Which of the following is NOT an aim of social science?

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Quiz #1 Review Questions a. judging social values b. predicting social phenomena c. understanding social regularities d. explaining social regularities REF: p. 13-14 13. What is the statement “wealthy countries should give aid to poorer countries” an example of? a. a hypothesis b. a theory c. a value judgment d. a premature closure of inquiry REF: p. 13 14. After examining child custody records, Jennifer concludes that mothers are more likely to

obtain custody of their children than fathers. What type of explanation is this? a. nomothetic b. idiographic c. overgeneralized d. illogical REF: p. 21 15. Which of the following is among the safeguards against error in social research? a. making observations less deliberate b. replicating under slightly varying circumstances c. using only simple measurement devices d. avoiding independent replications by other researchers REF: p. 9 16. What characteristic does scientific inquiry have that nonscientific inquiry does not? a. It takes special precaution to avoid error. b. It is a semiconscious activity. c. It is an activity in which we are less concerned about making mistakes. d. Its procedures guard against all errors. REF: p. 8 17. What is an independent variable? a. a theoretical concept b. a variable influencing other variables c. a variable influenced by other variables d. a set of attributes REF: p. 19 18. Which of the following is a probabilistic statement? REF: p.7 a. When serving as jurors, women always vote for acquittal. b. When serving as jurors, women never vote for acquittal. c. When serving as jurors, women tend to vote for acquittal. d. When serving as jurors, it is unlikely women will vote for acquittal. 19. Which of the following is a list of variables? a. plumber, professor, dentist Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd.

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Quiz #1 Review Questions b. occupation, political party preference, birthrate c. 21, violent, social class d. dishonest, conservative, farmer REF: p. 16 20. What is one benefit of quantification? a. It often makes our observations more implicit. b. It can make it easier to aggregate data. c. It can make it easier to describe data. d. It helps add a richness to our understanding of the data. REF: p. 24 21. Which view of reality does the statement “Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder” best reflect? a. the postmodern view b. the premodern view c. the modern view d. the ultramodern view REF: p. 10

22. Pregnant at age 15, Tammy decided to have the baby. Her parents were upset with her

decision and threatened to “cut her off” if she did not complete high school. A difficult pregnancy and embarrassment resulted in her dropping out of school. After the baby was born her parents said that they would raise the baby but that she would have to leave the house. At age 16, Tammy was on her own and without any money or job market skills. She began to work as a prostitute. What kind of explanation is presented to help us understand Tammy’s decision? a. idiographic b. nomothetic c. probabilistic d. quantitative REF: p. 21 23. Sally begins to think about the classes she is enrolled in at her university. She notices that she

speaks a lot in three of her classes and very little in two others. She begins to list all her courses, the gender of the professor, and whether or not she spoke in the class. She notices that she tends to speak in classes where the instructor is female and rarely speaks when the instructor is male. How can we describe how Sally came to this understanding? a. inductive reasoning b. qualitative analysis c. deductive reasoning d. ordinary human inquiry REF: p. 23

24. When describing qualitative and quantitative explanations, what can we conclude? a. Both types of explanations tend to be idiographic.

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Quiz #1 Review Questions b. Both types of explanations tend to be nomothetic. c. Qualitative explanations tend to be idiographic, and quantitative explanations tend

to be nomothetic. d. Qualitative explanations tend to be nomothetic, and quantitative explanations tend

to be idiographic. REF: p. 24-25 25. What is the independent variable in the following research question? “Do people who

experience economic deprivation during their childhood place a priority on economic self interest later in life?” a. economic self-interest b. later life c. people d. economic deprivation REF: p. 19 26. What statement best describes deductive approaches to social theory and research? a. Deductive begins with big things and moves toward small things. b. Deductive begins at the bottom and moves toward the top. c. Deductive begins at a micro level and moves toward a macro level. d. Deductive begins with theoretical ideas and moves toward observable things. REF: p. 23-24 27. What statement best describes inductive approaches to social theory and research? a. Inductive begins with concrete things and moves toward abstract ideas b. Inductive begins at the top and moves toward the bottom. c. Inductive begins at the top of society and moves toward the bottom of society. d. Inductive begins with small things and moves toward big things. REF: p. 23 28. A social science instructor asks students in an introductory class to complete questionnaires

about their drinking behaviours. They are told that the instructor will analyze them and use the data in preparing a journal article for publication. What ethical practice is in question? a. respecting privacy and confidentiality b. avoiding deception c. avoiding harm d. ensuring voluntary participation REF: p. 27 29. After a field study of protest behaviour, a riot breaks out. Law enforcement officials demand

that the researcher identify those people who were observed looting so that charges can be laid. Rather than risk arrest, the researcher complies. This example illustrates a disregard for the foremost ethical rule of social research. What is it? REF: p.26 a. ensuring the anonymity of participants b. avoiding harm to research subjects c. establishing informed consent d. avoiding any deception 30. “Exposure to classical music increases IQ scores.” This hypothesis is an example of what kind

of statement?

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Quiz #1 Review Questions a. nomothetic b. informal c. idiographic d. causal REF: p. 19-20 31. What is the best description of epistemology? a. the science of questioning b. the science of finding out c. the science of knowing d. the science of challenging REF: p. 7 32. In order to understand the experiences of first year university students, a researcher developed

a large random sample of students to interview. He ensured the sample was representative of the diversity within the general student population. By doing so, what error of inquiry has the researcher managed to avoid? a. selective observation b. inaccurate observation c. illogical reasoning d. overgeneralization REF: p. 9 33. Paul wants to do a study on how drug use is associated with teenagers’ grades in high school.

What can be said about this research? a. It will likely be qualitative in nature. b. The dependent variable is grades. c. The dependent variable is drug use. d. The hypothesis is that drug use has no impact on grades. REF: p. 19 34. Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of science, as a way of knowing? a. conscious b. deliberate c. conclusive d. rigorous REF: p. 3 35. What are the two foundations of science? a. theory and logic b. observation and logic c. observation and theory d. logic and experience REF: p. 6-7

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Quiz #1 Review Questions 36. Richard examined the following categories of undergraduate students: full-time, part-time,

and flex-time. What are these categories known as? a. concepts b. variables c. classes d. attributes REF: p. 16 37. How do we primarily know what we know? a. through empirical evidence b. through personal experience c. through agreement reality d. through scientific discovery REF: p. 6-7 38. In an attempt to find general patterns, researchers specifically study deviant cases to see how

they do not “fit in.” What type of error does this help the researcher avoid? a. overgeneralization b. selective observation c. inaccurate observations d. illogical reasoning REF: p. 9 39. What view does the following statement reflect: “There’s nothing out there; it’s all in here.” a. the premodern view b. the modern view c. the postmodern view d. the ultramodern view REF: p. 13 40. What aspect of science does theory deal with? a. observational b. logical c. critical d. political REF: p. 13

To study the implementation of a new educational program, Emily designs an experiment to assess its success. She measures student ability before and after the program, to try to establish whether there has been an increase in ability that can be attributed to the new resource. What type of research has Emily designed? a. action research b. social impact assessment research c. evaluation research d. basic research 41.

REF: p. 26 42. Which of the following is NOT a type of applied research?

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Quiz #1 Review Questions a. social impact research b. academic research c. evaluation research d. action research REF: p. 26 43. A research project was developed that looked at gender and occupational choice. In the

theoretical model, what type of variable is occupational choice? a. the independent variable b. the intervening variable c. the dependent variable d. the logical variable REF: p. 19 44. “Sensitivity training reduces racial bias.” What type of statement is this? a. a theory b. a probabilistic statement c. a thesis statement d. a knowledge agreement REF: p. 7 45. Joshua wants to understand the educational choices that students make. He asks the question

“What influences school choice among first-year undergraduates in Ontario?” What kind of explanation will asking this question provide? a. inductive b. nomothetic c. deductive d. idiographic REF: p. 21

Drawing on past research, Evan would like to test the hypothesis that first-year students have difficulty balancing academic achievement and new social experiences. What approach is he taking to the research subject? a. productive b. inductive c. reactive d. deductive 46.

REF: p. 24 47. Which one of these would be the MOST appropriate way to quantify the abstract concept of

success? a. how happy someone is in their job b. whether a person has earned any awards c. the likelihood of them getting a raise d. their feelings about their boss REF: p. 25

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Quiz #1 Review Questions

5. While doing research on crime, Professor Middler noted that crime creates jobs in law enforcement and related careers. He also noticed that crime reinforces norms when criminals are caught and punished. Which approach to the study of crime has Professor Middler probably adopted? a. conflict theory b. symbolic interactionism c. structural functionalism d. ethnomethodology REF: p. 37-38 49. Which of the following is NOT a function of theory for research? a. Theory helps us avoid being taken in by flukes. b. Theory helps us to analyze our raw data. c. Theory helps us to make sense out of observed patterns. d. Theory shapes and directs research efforts. REF: p. 31 50.

Which term refers to a model or scheme for helping people organize and interpret the world? a. paradigm b. concept c. hypothesis d. law REF: p. 32

51. Which of the following topics would a macrotheorist be more likely to study than a

microtheorist? a. the effects of judges’ instructions on jury deliberations b. the relationships between government, family, and the economy c. dating behaviours d. student–faculty interactions REF: p. 33 6.

52. In a study of women, the following notation was used: Y = f(X) where Y represented fertility plans, and X represented occupational plans. What does this notation state? a. Fertility plans are a function of occupational plans. b. Occupational plans are a function of fertility plans. c. Gender impacts fertility plans. d. Occupational plans are affected by gender. REF: p. 44-45

53. Which of the following is NOT a function of paradigms? a. Paradigms shape the kinds of observations we are likely to make. b. Paradigms determine the kinds of facts we will discover. c. Paradigms shape the conclusions that we draw from facts. d. Paradigms determine that we look only at micro concerns. REF: p. 32-33

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Quiz #1 Review Questions

54. Which of the following best describes the sequence used in the inductive method? a. hypothesis, observations, and accept or reject hypothesis b. observations, pattern finding, and generalizations c. generalizations, theory, and observations d. theory, observations, and generalizations REF: p. 53-54 55. Which best describes the grounded theory method? a. It is a method based on quantitative data. b. It is a deductive method of theory construction. c. It requires the researcher to construct theory by observing aspects of social life. d. It is a process of testing theory. REF: p. 54 56. Professor May wants to learn how grandparents define their role when they become the

guardians of their grandchildren. May asks grandparents questions like “ How did you come to have custody of your grandchild?” and “Do you feel more like a parent or a grandparent?” Which paradigm is May probably using? a. ethnomethodology b. life cycle paradigm c. structural functionalism d. symbolic interactionism REF: p. 35-36 57. On which of the following questions would a sociologist with a symbolic interactionist

orientation be most likely to conduct research? a. Is conflict inevitable in the sibling relationship? b. What function does marriage serve for society? c. What is the effect of economic conditions on the crime rate? d. Which unstated norms govern the interactions between family members? REF: p. 35-36 58. Which of the following outlines—in order—the steps in the traditional science model? a. theory construction, operationalization of concepts, development of a testable

hypothesis, collection of data, and empirical testing b. operationalization of concepts, theory construction, development of a hypothesis,

collection of data, an empirical testing c. development of a theoretical hypothesis, theory construction, operationalization of

concepts, collection of data, and empirical testing d. theory construction, development of a hypothesis, operationalization of concepts, collection of data, and empirical testing REF: p. 42

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Quiz #1 Review Questions 59. The original source of Minamata disease, which produces severe nervous disorders and birth

defects, was traced to the Chisso Chemical Company’s dumping of mercury into a bay where Japanese villagers fished. The villagers of Minamata, the village in which the company was located, refused to become involved in lawsuits against the chemical company for many years. However, the residents of Niigata, a fishing village 65 kilometres up the river from the factory, filed lawsuits against the chemical company. Which of the following uses the conflict paradigm to explain the differences in behaviour related to lawsuits in the two villages? a. The Minamata victims were less likely to be tied socially, economically, and physically to the company than were the Niigato victims. b. The Japanese culture frowns on lawsuits. c. The chemical company controlled more of the village resources in Minamata than in Niigato. d. People in Niigato are more aggressive than people in Minamata. REF: p. 34-35 60. Jeremy attended a chamber music concert. During one of the movements he jumped up and

yelled, “Way to go violin!” Later he screamed, “Come on cello!” What type of social scientific paradigm was Jeremy probably using to do his research ? a. symbolic interactionist b. structural functionalist c. conflict d. ethnomethodologist REF: p. 36 61. Which of the following statements is true of social science? a. The logical integrity of a theory demonstrates its correctness. b. If a theory is logically correct it need NOT be empirically correct. c. The collection of empirical facts provides understanding. d. Logical integrity and empirical verification are essential to scientific inquiry. REF: p. 54 62. Why is social s...