Quizlet 1014HSV Crime - Revision Definitions PDF

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1014HSV Crime Study online at quizlet.com/_7a4mja 1.

4 functions of crime and deviance

1. Deviance clarifies shared values and norms. - morality is sustained by establishing acceptable and norm-breaking behaviour (we wouldn't understand right from wrong) 2. Responding to deviance maintains the norms. - exercise of social control allows people to celebrate 'normality' (e.g people annoyed from protestors) 3. Responding to deviance enhances social cohesion. - Deviance makes people more conscious of shared norms and values) 4. Deviance encourages social change. - Deviant behaviour challeneges status quo

2.

5 types of adaptation

1. Conformists (accepts society's goals, work and do not break law) 2. Innovators (Accept you need to make money, but will steal to get it) 3. Ritualists (Not interested in material goals, e.g social workers, bend rules to help people) 4. Retreatists (reject means and goals, hides from society) 5. Rebels (use their own means to create new goals, often seeking major societal changes.)

3.

Anomie (Durkheim)

Functionalist perspective where social norms lose their regulatory force. Maintained that deviance prevents anomie - and maintained social order. (4 functions)

4.

Anomie (Merton's)

social instability caused by wearing away of ethics and standards.

5.

Classicalism

assumes all people are self-interested. Emphasises that individuals make rational, free will choices to behave based on pleasure/pain calculations.

6.

containment theory

criminals cannot resist the temptations around them, ie, internal controls and external forces. (Walter Reckless, 1955)

7.

Crime

refers to breaking or violating laws.

8.

crime stats (not the numbers)

two in every three adult prisoners will have been previously imprisoned. One in four prisoners will be reconvicted within three months of being released. Juvenile prisoners: half of those in detention have spent time in prison on at least one other occasion, and more than half those released will be reconvicted within at least six months.

9.

'dark figure of crime'

the amount of crime that goes undetected.

10.

Deterrence

prevents a person from doing something because of fear of the consequences. Australian legal system relies on it.

11.

Deviance

refers to rule or norm breaking behaviour. 1. is linked to time, 2. is linked to cultural values, 3. is a cultural universal. (Everyone has engaged in deviant activity)

12.

Differential association theory

A positivist perspective which emphasises that criminal and deviant behaviour is learnt. 9 propositions 1. is learnt, not inherited. 2. learnt through communication. 3. principal learning occurs within intimate personal groups. 4. taught techniques of committing the crime and the special direction/motives, drives, rationalisations and attitudes necessary to carry it out. 5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learnt from definitions of the legal codes as favourable and unfavourable. 6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favourable to the violation of the law. 7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity. 8. The process of learning criminal behaviour by association with criminal and non-criminal patterns involves all the same mechanisms that are involved in any other learning. 9. Although criminal behaviour is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values.

13.

general deterrence

ensures individuals won't commit a crime because they see the negative consequences applied to others, and they fear experiencing these consequences. e.g RBT

14.

Hirschi's 4 social bonds

Agrees with containment theory and states that our social bonds affect our inner controls 1. attachment 2. commitment 3. involvement 4. belief

15.

Labelling

Symbolic Interactionism. Becker (1963) - if situations are defined as real, they are real in their consequences. Stigma (Goffman, 1968) - successful application of a label confers morally inferior status on those rule breakers who are defined as 'outsiders'. Lemert (1967) - 'primary' and 's econdary' deviation: Labelling process can lead to 1. Self-fulfilling prophecy, 2. Deviant identity, or 3. Deviant career.

16.

Non-Sociological Theories of Deviance

1. Religious approaches - possession, crime and sin as synonymous 2. Biological approaches - "born criminal" has certain peculiar physical traits, XXY chromosome syndrome 3. Psychological approaches - Freudian psychoanalytic - 'unsuccessful child socialisation', extreme outcome of psychopathic personality, sociopath, anti-social personality, DSM-IV, etc

17.

Norms

lay out the basic guidelines for how we should play our roles and interact with others - bring about social order.

18.

positivism

assumes that people are naturally social beings and not prone to act criminally unless some biological, psychological or social factor is involved. (associated with differential association theory)

19.

Recidivism

repetitious criminal activity (repeat / serial offender). Most likely outcome for people who have been sent to prison.

20.

reintegrative shaming

serves to bring the offender back into the community after punishment. Justice occurs through punishments such as restitution, community service and prison time. However, after the punishment no further stigma is placed on the offender.

21.

restorative justice

involves a dialogue between the offender and victims in the criminal justice process. Focuses on reparation rather than the retributive aim of punishment.

22.

Shaming

is a deliberate effort to attach a negative meaning to a behaviour.

23.

social control

formal and informal means of enforcing norms.

24.

social order

Norms bring about social order.

25.

specific deterrence

occurs to individuals who have violated the law and have already been punished.

26.

stigmatised shame

is a permanent label given to an offender, which could actually increase the chances of reoffending because the guilty person is forever labelled. e.g sex offender registry...