Quizlet-8 - cog psych PDF

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Personality Psychology Test II Study online at quizlet.com/_5epojm 1.

Adler

-second son in a family of four boys and two girls -unhealthy childhood, walked at age four, almost died of pneumonia -couldn't match up to his brothers- viewed himself as ugly and inferior

12.

Superiority Complex

-neurotic belief that one is better than others -feeling no one else is as athletically fit -feeling one's own ideas are better than anyone else's -masks an unconscious sense of inferiority

13.

Creative Self

-each person is the artist of his own personality -trying to discover or create experiences that lead to fulfillment as a way of COMPENSATING FOR INFERIORITY

14.

Fictional Finalism

-a person's image of the goal of his or her striving -gives direction to the individual's striving -individual's fundamental motivation to to move toward fictional finalism (ex. "what if you...") -often these goals are vague/partly unconscious

2

3.

Felt minus

-because we are all born inferior, we use different methods of compensation to strive towards superiority

4.

5.

-dissatisfaction of the felt minus leads up to strive from a felt minus situation towards a plus situation

Organ Inferiority

-feeling of inferiority due to physical disability or weakness

-healthy person will modify goals, but neurotics will have strict/rigid goals 15.

F A

lict between hat the

-people try to compensate for this weakness to lead them to strength 6.

Aggressive Drive

-one of Adler's terms for positive striving (toward felt plus), emphasizing anger and competitiveness -may be expressed in form of cruelty and anger or in a more socialized manner (ex. athletics)

7.

Felt plus

-need to overcome weakness -if this is done in a negative/obsessive way it can lead to a superiority complex -BUT it can also be strived toward positively

8.

Masculine Protest

-seeking the privilege associated with the make gender role (agresiveness and activity) -positive striving

9.

Superiority Striving

-striving to achieve personal best -striving for personal improvement rather than to be better than others

10.

Perfection Striving

-inherent motivation toward personal growth (contrasted to a neurotic perfectionism)

11.

Inferiority Complex

-the result of not being able to overcome sense of inferiority -stagnation of growth in which difficulties seem too immense to be overcome -feeling one will never be strong enough or intelligent enough -all neurotics have an inferiority complex

-Adler did not understand importance of

queness of each person

16.

Style of life

-person's consistent way of striving -ex. hard work, cheating, aggression, cooperation -begins as compensatory making up for inferiority -consists of individual's concepts of themselves and unique way of striving toward person goal -established by age 4 or 5

17.

First Memories

-key to identifying person's style of life -not necessarily accurate, by the psychological importance to the person is what matters

18.

Sources of Memory Errors

-immature brain (hippocampus) -inadequate early language -distortion from thinking about events based on their subjective importance

19.

Mistaken Style of Life

-strategies that are maladaptive for improving one's life situation

20.

Ruling Type

-AKA Deprecation Complex -seek to dominate others -get meaning by putting others down -overly competitive/arrogant -ex. narcisist, sociopath

21.

Getting Type

-lean on others -adapting passive attitude toward life -Adler said this was more common in pampered children and women

22.

Avoiding Type

-try not to deal with problems and avoid possiblity of defeat -isolated -whole classes, religious groups, and nations may adopt this lifestyle -ex. Schizoic personality

23.

Healthy Style of Life

-life style that is adaptive -socially useful type

24.

Socially Useful Type

-personality that is well adjusted -person acts beneficial to others -well developed sense of social interest

25.

Development of Personality

-parental behavior can hinder or help development of healthy behavior -family constellation also determines behavior

26.

pampered child

-parental behavior in which a child is overindulged or spoiled -Attack on Freud theory to construction of pampered child -believed that the pampered child will grow to believe that others owe them/have a constant need for attention

27.

Neglected Child

-parental behavior in which a child's needs are not adequately met -likely believe others will not support them -can also become overly dependent on others for pampering or nurturing

28.

Parenting Training Programs

-can teach parents to raise healthier and happier and more cooperative kids

29.

Adler Advice for Raising Healthy Children

-encourage child rather than punishing -be firm but not dominating -show respect for child -maintain routine -don't give child too much attention -don't become engage in power struggles with child -don't offer excessive sympathy -emphasize cooporation -be consistent

30.

Family Constellation

-the influence of number, age, and sex of siblings affect personality development

31.

first born child

-a problem child-often pampered/spoiled -often self absorbed -often interested in family heritage -experiences dethronement when the next child is born -may take on parental role to younger sibling/overvalue authority -may try too hard and become exhausted -viewed as pace maker to younger siblings

32.

second born child

-most favorable -at first feels challenged that first child has head start on life- can result in rebellious behaviors -sees older siblings as pacemakerstimulated for higher achievement -is unspoiled as they have always had to share parental attention

33.

youngest child

-problem child -risk of being pampered/spoiled- leads to lack of incentive to develop independence -may compete in many different directions due to having many pacemakers to look up to- leading to sense of not having a path/inferiority

34.

only child

-overly pampered/attached to mother who is often overprotective -risk of developing a mother complex -constant attention gives child unrealistic sense of personal worth

35.

Research on birth order

-shows weak and inconsistent effect, which vary depending on other factors (such as culture) -does not consistently confirm Adler's predictions -still many supportive findings

36.

social interest

-innate potential to live cooperatively with other people -essential in addition to love and work for healthy lifestyle -value of the common good -people who score high on social interest tests are more prosocial, seek companionship -positive effects on social behaviors, health, job -can lead to decrease in narcissism and self obsession -*Adler says that all neurosis stems from inadequate social feeling -*different from Freud who emphasized the individual

37.

Measurement of Social Interest

-Affiliation, Nurturance, Aggression scales of Personality Research Form -Life Styles Inventory

38.

Adler's Three Tasks of Life

-work, love, social interaction= good mental health -work- any job that contributes to community -love-sexual relationships, marriage, preferably monogamy, equality in relationships, but Adler criticized choice of women to not have children -social interaction-friendships, relationships, all based on social interest which prevents self centeredness

39.

Adler's School Interventions

-emphasized individual education in schools as potential for personal growth

40.

Adlerian Therapy

-belief that all personality failure results from lack of social interest -"What would you do if you had not got this trouble?"- what are you avoiding -first memories are important -style of life is important -dreams are concerned with present problems in life -therapy is typically brief -avoided transference -used humor -respected religion as lifestyle -physical and psychological treatment -precursor to behaviorism -family therapy -*actively look at future and present behavior and how you can improve NOW (not as much focus on past)

41.

42.

Erik Erikson

Psychosocial

43.

the epigenetic principle

-anything that grows has a ground plan, and that out of this ground plan the parts arise, each part having its time of special ascendancy, until all parts have arisen to form a functioning whole -parts emerge in order of increasing differentiation -each stage focuses on one ego strength each of which must develop sequentially

44.

psychosocial stages

-life span approach -psychosocial approach- alternative to freud's psychosexual approach -emphasizes social interactions, culture, and trust

45.

characteristics of each stage

-each stage involves a crisis, developmental turning point -out of each crisis emerges an ego strength/virtue that becomes part of ego skills throughout life which affect relationships with people -each stage is considered from individual's point of view and social point of view

46.

Trust vs Mistrust

-timeline: infancy -trust: the sense that others are dependable and will provide what is needed; also sense that one is trustworthy; developed based on good parenting -mistrust: infant does not find the world responsive to his or her basic needs; some mistrust is okay

-early struggle with identity -developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst -trained at Freud's institute -Appointments at Berkeley and Harvard -Erikson's approach to development offered as an alternative to Freud's psychosexual approach -idea that each person develops within a society, which through its culturally specific patterns, influences how a person resolves conflict -ego strength comes from society and cultural influences and is developed throughout life

-resolution of crisis: trust predominates, allows for individual to trust others later in life -resulting strength: HOPE 47.

hope

-fundamental conviction in the trustworthiness of the world -religion has often served as a way to restore sense of trust

48.

autonomy vs shame/doubt

-timeline: early childhood

53.

competence

-supported by society through technology and the way labor is divided among people

-autonomy: potty training, muscular control, interpersonal relationships -shame: results if toddler's sense of vulnerability is not supported by adults and sense of doubt develops; some degree of shame is okay

54.

identity vs identity diffusion

-resolution of crisis: autonomy predominates with some degree of shame -resulting strength: WILL 49.

will

initiative vs guilt

-resulting strength: FIDELITY 55.

moratorium

-period provided by society when an adolescent is sufficiently free of commitments to be able to explore identity -also a stage of identity development when such exploration is occurring, before identity achievement - time to choose correct identity for oneself

56.

negative indentity

-identity based on socially devalued roles -ex. gang member, delinquent

57.

fidelity

-faithfulness

-guilt: negative pole of this stage; not being aware of sexuality -resolution of crisis: more initiative than guilt -resulting strength: PURPOSE 51.

purpose

-orientation to attain goals through striving

-the ability to sustain loyalties freely pledged in spite of the inevitable contradictions of value systems

-realized in society through ideal prototypes which vary by culture (ex. buffalo hunter, socioeconomic standing, gender roles) 52.

industry vs. inferiority

-supported or exploited by society through political, social, or occupational forms (ex. reassessing issues of racial and ethnic identity)

-timeline: school age -industry: learns to win recognition by producing things; child works at task until completion achieves satisfaction and perseverance; teachers play influential role in this -inferiority: child cannot produce an acceptable predict or fails to obtain recognition -resulting strength: COMPETENCE

-identity: sense of sameness between one's meaning for oneself and one's meaning for others in the social world; self identity must align with individual and with others; found in exploration of career, religion, political views; facilitated by moratorium and fidelity

-resolution of crisis: identity is accepted with adequate exploration of various identities

-timeline: play age -initiative: child makes choices about what kind of person to be based on identification with parents and exploration/awareness of sexuality; child acts in an intrusive mode

-timeline: adolescence

-identity confusion: occurs if coherent identity cannot be achieved in reasonable time; can also result in negative identity (ex. delinquents); remain confused about identity; also can risk identity foreclosure

-conviction that what one wants to happen can happen -institutionally is found in law which legitimized and provides boundaries for an individual's autonomy and enforces punishment

50.

-sense of workmanship, of perfecting skills

58.

identity foreclosure

-inadequate resolution of the fifth psychological stage in which an identity is accepted without adequate exploration

59.

intimacy vs isolation

-timeline: young adulthood

63.

care

-intimacy: cannot occur until individual identity has been established; capacity for psychological fusion with another person (ex. friend, lover); explored in early adult years; can be both sexual and psychological intimacy -isolation: adult who remains self absorbed and isolated

-evident in society through school systems, education, teaching, traditions -may vary by vulture depending on whether culture is more collectivistic/prosocial or individualistic 64.

potential 9th stage

generativity vs self absorption/stagnation

-return of issue from earlier stages such as mistrust, shame, guilt, as frail selves and losses of loved ones no longer sustain them

-timeline: adulthood -generativity: interest in establishing and guiding next generation; individual is highly motivated in work and growth of young people, concerned about broader social issue; tolerant of different ideas; strike balance between self care and care for others; often expressed through parenting -stagnation: failure to develop optimally at this stage; not being fully involved in caring for others in a nurturing way

-gerotranscendence: grappling with dystonic elements (ex. shame, mistrust) but still maintaining positive syntonic elements, resulting is peace of mind 65.

wisdom

love

-ability to form an intimate mutual relationship with another person -supported by society through patterns of cooperation and competition such as marriage

62.

integrity vs despair

-timeline: old age

-mature sense of the meaningfulness and wholeness of experience -expressed in religious or philosophical areas -often society also perpetuates regret- BUT varies based on culture

66.

Racism

-racism poses obstacles to identity development of minorities -invisibility syndrome: when others fail to validate a minority's value

67.

ethnic identity

-person's strong identification with his or her ethnic, racial, or cultural group -help a person reject racism -fosters psychological well being

68.

assimilation

-individuals may submerge their ethnicity and assimilate to mainstream culture

69.

Identity status

-four statuses: -identity diffusion -identity achiever -moratorium -identity foreclosure

-resulting strength: CARE 61.

-dystonic resurgence or gerotranscendence -refers to the very elderly

-resulting strength: LOVE 60.

-ability to nurture the development of the next generation

- integrity: being able to look back on one's own life and accept it as meaningful (ex. looking back on important decisions and events)

-typically during adolescence -despair: unwillingness to accept death -resulting strength: WISDOM

70.

identity diffusion

-exploration of identity has not yet seriously begun -corresponds to identity confusion -unpredictable -reluctant to act

71.

moratorium

-individual who is currently experiencing an identity crisis and is actively exploring possibilities but has not yet committed to an identity

79.

Correlates of Stage Measures

-philosophically concerned -rebellious -nonconforming 72.

identity achievment

-most mature outcome individual has experienced a crisis and has come through it with a commitment to an occupation or ideology

-people who score high on GENERATIVITY are typically better parents -people who score high on EGO INTEGRITY typically have less fear of death 80.

psychoanalytic social psychology

-consider social and cultural realities -how is personality influenced by society and culture -many of Eriksons's stages are Westernmust be aware of all cultures

81.

interpersonal psychoanalytic approach

-introduced by Horney -similar to relational approach in psychology -Horney believed in power of unconscious as determinant of personality -but said that most important conflicts are based on unresolved INTERPERSONAL ISSUES

82.

Horney

-born in Germany -Authoritarian seas captain -Studied medicine -Established in Berlin psychoanalytic institute -moved to US to practice psychoanalysis

83.

Ideal Childhood

-infant sense that he or she is loved and protected by parents and feels safe- if not, basic anxiety occurs

84.

Basic Anxiety

-feeling of isolation and helplessness resulting form inadequate parenting in infancy

85.

Basic hostility

-feeling of anger by the young child toward the parents as a result of neglect - must be repressed for survival and security, because expressing this hostility would result in punishment

-clear, consistent personality -productive 73.

identity foreclosu...