Quizlet BI 106 Exam 2 - list of definitions for the second exam. PDF

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list of definitions for the second exam....

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BI 106 Exam 2 Study online at quizlet.com/_1700cm 1.

4 regions of the brain

cerebellum diencephalon brainstem

20.

Are ganglia part of the CNS or PNS?

PNS

21.

Are glial cells mitotic?

yes

cerebrum

22.

Are motor neurons afferent or efferent?

efferent

23.

Are nerves part of the CNS or PNS?

PNS

24.

Are neurons mitotic?

no

25.

Are reflexes monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

can be either

40% of the cerebral cortex is dedicated to processing...

visual info

70% of the body's sensory receptors are located where?

in the eyes

4.

Afferent

towards

5.

it goes from positive After the impulse passes a certain part of the membrane, what happens back to negative

26.

Are sensory neurons afferent or efferent?

afferent

to the charge?

27.

Are sensory neurons that conduct pain and cold stimuli myelinated

unmyelinated

2.

3.

6.

7.

8.

All 3 regions in the inner ear use the same sensory receptors for detecting diff things. What is this receptor?

hair cell

All blood leaving the brain goes...

to the dural venous sinuses, and then to descending veins

All communication between the brain and spinal cord involves tracts

or unmyelinated?

the medulla oblongata

through... 9.

All information coming from the body to the brain goes first through

thalamus

28.

Are there cell bodies in nerves?

no

29.

Are there more neurons or glial cells?

glial cells outnumber

30.

Are there pain receptors in the brain?

no

31.

Are there transport proteins in the blood brain barrier membrane?

very few

32.

Are unpleasant stimuli myelinated or unmyelinated?

unmyelinated

33.

Are visceral senses encapsulated or unencapsulated?

unencapsulated/free

34.

As of now, brain and spinal cord injuries are...

permanent

35.

As you descend from the brain, the spinal cord contains less of what

white matter, less myelinated axons

the... All sensory and motor connections between the brain and the rest of the body (except the cranial nerves) travel through...

the spinal cord

11.

All spinal nerves are dermatomes except for...

C1

12.

The amount of light that passes into the eye is controlled by...

the iris

Amygdala

fear center, processes fear and coordinates

10.

13.

nervous system response

neurons 3-1

type of matter? 36.

At the end of each terminal branch is an...

axon terminal

37.

At the optic disc, the blood vessels obstruct the path to the

a blindspot

photoreceptors which causes... 38.

At what vertebra does the spinal cord actually end?

L1 vertebra

cord

39.

The axillary nerve serves...

the axilla

Are axons be afferent or efferent in a fascicle?

can be both

40.

Axon hillock

Are basal cells in olfactory organs capable of mitosis?

yes

where the cell body narrows, where axon begins

41.

17.

Are big motor neurons to our limbs myelinated or unmyelinated?

myelinated

Axon regeneration can occur if... (3 damage is minimal things) schwann cell is intact damage occurs close to

18.

Are cell bodies visible in gray matter?

Anesthetics are injected into the epidural space... what does it do?

numbs the spinal

15.

16.

14.

19.

Are cell bodies visible in white matter?

the cell body

yes no

42.

Axons

long process through which a neuron SENDS nerve impulses

43.

The axons inside a nerve are all headed in...

the same direction

61.

Can axons regenerate?

you have a better chance to recover axons in PNS

44.

The axons of ganglion cells in the retina become what?

the optic nerve

62.

Can PNS axons repair themselves? Can CNS

PNS: sometimes CNS: no

45.

Axons of white matter are bundled into...

tracts

46.

Baroceptors detect...

pressure

47.

Basal cells are located in olfactory they become new organs. What is the function? olfactory neuron cells

48.

49.

Because our skull limits brain size, what does our brain do to make room for more neurons?

it folds (gyri)

Between the two dura layers (periosteal and meningeal), there

dural venous sinuses (blood sinuses)

are deep spaces. What are these called? 50.

51.

Bipolar cells (in the retina) transfer the signal to the next layer of cells, called?

ganglion cells

Bipolar neurons

neurons composed of a single dendrite and axon; found in some sense organs

52.

axons? 63.

Can the # of dendrites and synapses in the brain change over time?

yes

64.

Can we make new neurons?

no

65.

Cauda equina

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

66.

The center of the macula lutea is called?

the fovea centralis

67.

the longitudinal fissure The cerebral hemispheres are separated left and right by...

68.

The cerebral hemispheres are separate from each other EXCEPT where they are joined by...

69.

The bone of the skull and the dura epidural space mater can be separated by a POTENTIAL space. What is this

The cerebrum is the location of these functions..

Bony labyrinth

Maze of spaces in the inner ear which houses tubes made of membranes

54.

The bony tube in the external ear through which sound passes is

C5-T1

55.

The brachial plexus arises from which vertebrae

56.

The brachial plexus includes what axillary, 5 major nerves? musculocutaneous, median, radial, ulnar nerves

57.

The brain is supported and protected by CT layers called...

meninges

58.

Bulbous corpuscles

similar to lamellar, but longer and thinner

59.

60.

Bulbous corpuscles respond to Can a junction between neurons contain more than one synapse?

Cervical enlargement

area of the spinal cord from which nerves to and from the upper limbs arise

71.

The cervical part of the spinal cord is continuous

the medulla

with... 72.

Chemoreceptors detect...

chemical changes (ex: CO2)

73.

Cocaine and methamphetamines are...

dopamine reuptake inhibitors

74.

The cochlea is responsible for...

hearing

75.

Communication and integration between

the corpus callosum

cerebral hemispheres is possible through... 76.

Compare ganglia and nuclei

pressure (better for continuous pressure) yes

intellect, reasoning, memory, language, judgement,

70.

external acoustic meatus

the...

thought, consciousness,

voluntary motor, visual, auditory

space called? 53.

tracts

ganglia: clusters of cell bodies in PNS nuclei: clusters of cell bodies in CNS

77.

Compare nerves and tracts

nerves: bundles of axons in PNS tracts: bundles of axons in CNS

78.

79.

80.

Compare the sizes of neurons and glial cells

neurons: long, can stretch

Complex receptors

specialized structures involving neuron and other cells and tissues

Conscious perception in a sensory pathway Conscious perception (in olfactory pathway) passes

Do myelinated or unmyelinated axons use more energy?

83.

Conus medullaris CSF flows from... to...

no

98.

Do neurons have polarity?

yes

99.

Do neurons or glial cells conduct nerve impulses?

neurons do glial cells dont

100.

Dopamine

feelings of enjoyment and reinforcement,

the thalamus

reward, motor inhibition 101.

tapered end of spinal cord,

"Dorsal" pertains to the...

102.

Dorsal root ganglion contains?

from lateral ventricles, to third to fourth ventricles,

cell bodies of sensory neurons

103.

Dorsal rootlets/roots contain what type of axons?

sensory

104.

Do schwann cells cover unmyelinated axons?

yes, but not in as

Do the # of neurons in our brain increase over time? Do # of glial cells?

# of neurons does not

Do the sensory NS divide into smaller nervous systems? the motor NS?

sensory: no

to brain stem 84.

85.

86.

Damage to a single nerve or section of the spinal cord results in...

weakness in sensory

Dendrites

short process off the neuron body that RECEIVES nerve impulses

Denticulate ligaments

perception 105.

106.

lateral extensions of the pia mater that attach it to

Dermatomes

a specific segment of skin supplied by a single

89.

Dermatomes are clinically important because...

they can indicate damage

Difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann

oligodendrocytes: CNS schwann cells: PNS

to specific spinal nerves

91.

Does all nervous activity involve the brain?

Does the macula lutea contain blood vessels?

no

Does the parasympathetic NS have a lot of preganglionic branches? sympathetic?

parasympathetic: no, just

94.

Does the spinal nerve contain sensory or motor fibers?

BOTH

95.

Do glial cells transmit nerve impulses?

no

92.

93.

motor: divided into somatic and

autonomic?

into sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

108.

Dural venous sinuses separate...

the periosteal and meningeal dura

109.

PTSD Dysfunction of the relationship between the hippocampus and amygdala is seen in what disorder?

110.

Each cerebral hemishpere receives the opposite side of input from and controls... the body

111.

Each hair cell (receptor in inner ear) is covered by

cilia

112.

Each hemisphere is divided into 5 lobes:

temporal

no

axon: no nucleus Does an axon have a nucleus? Does a cell body have a nucleus? cell body: yes

increase, BUT # of glial cells increases

somatic: no autonomic: divides

cells? 90.

many layers

Do the somatic NS divide into smaller nervous systems? the

107.

spinal nerve 88.

back

autonomic NS

the dura mater 87.

more energy myelinated uses less

Do nerves have cell bodies?

through... 82.

unmyelinated uses

97.

the secondary neuron and tertiary neuron synapse in the thalamus

81.

96.

throughout whole body glial cells: smaller

a few sympathetic: many

parietal frontal occipital insula

113.

Each individual axon is covered by...

endoneurium

114.

The ear achieves two senses. What are they?

hearing

Efferent

exiting/away

115.

equilibrium

116.

Encapsulated touch receptors

membranes surrounding dendritic ends

133.

Epidural space is mostly what type of tissue?

118.

An epithelial sheet found inside the tympanic membrane external acoustic meatus is the... (eardrum)

119.

Epithelial tactile complexes

receptors associated with the dendrites of

Example of withdraw reflex

you touch something painful and pull your arm away really quickly

121.

Excessive consumption of alcohol can effect...

the cerebellum: loss of proprioception,

speech 134.

The external ear is a cartilaginous structure called the...

auricle

123.

Exteroceptors

detect changes in the external environment

124.

The eye is divided into the fibrous layer, vascular layer, and inner

choroid ciliary body

layer. The vascular layer is further divided into 3 layers, what are

iris

126.

The falx cerebella divides... The falx cerebri divides...

135.

Function of insula lobe?

taste

136.

Function of satellite cells

organize waste/nutrient

137.

Function of the nucleus

RNA production

138.

Function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

receive sensory input (touch,

139.

Function of the temporal lobe?

olfactory and auditory info

140.

Functions of the frontal lobe

personality, cognition, decision making, planning, recall of object

141.

Functions of the parietal lobe

interprets sensory info, language, combining visual auditory and sensory info, verbal expression clusters of cell bodies found outside the brain and spinal cord

143.

TAKES info

the cerebellum into L and R hemispheres

General function of postsynaptic neuron

144.

BRINGS info

the cerebrum into L and R hemishperes

General function of presynaptic neuron

145.

Gray commissure allows between sides and central canal communication between?

146.

Gray matter includes...

cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

147.

Gray matter is called...

cortex (outer portion)

148.

Gray matter of the spinal cord includes...

gray commissure, dorsal, ventral,

149.

A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS is called...

a ganglion

150.

special senses Gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium and hearing are examples of?

151.

Hair cells in the semicircular canals are

128.

The fibrous (outer) layer of the eye is made of what type of tissue?

dense CT

129.

Filum terminale

strand of pia mater that anchors the

muscles

conus medullaris within the cauda equina The fourth ventricle is located in what region of the brain?

the pons of the

131.

Free nerve endings are found in 3 places...

dermis, epithelium, CT

132.

From clinical studies, what is a way for a paraplegic to regain some

using epidural electrical stimulation

voluntary function?

pressure, pain, temp)

Ganglia are...

anterior thigh

130.

exchange

142.

The femoral nerve serves which muscles?

127.

generation of words, recognition and understanding of spoken

names

they? 125.

Function of brocas and wernickes areas?

words

loss of posture, walking funny 122.

muscle activity pre motor cortex: plans and

brocas area: (L hemisphere only), coordinates motor activity for

a sensory neuron, light touch (Merkel discs)

primary motor cortex: skeletal

coordinates skeletal muscle movement

adipose

117.

120.

The frontal lobe contains 3 major regions...

brainstem

responsible for..

and lateral horns

rotation of the head

152.

153.

Hair cells in the vestibule are responsible for...

detecting tilt of the head

Hair follicle receptors are what type of

mechanoreceptor

163.

How do we hear?

membrane, the cilia hits tectorial membrane and bends, creating nerve impulses 164.

How many brain

154.

Hippocampus

forms, consolidates and retrieves memories

155.

Histology of ganglia?

satellite cells around them (small nuclei in a circle surrounding the cell body)

ventricles do we

156.

Histology of neurons

large, diffuse/blotchy nucleus with dark, central nucleolus

have? 165.

"Hot" (spicy) foods oral nociceptor signal through what type of

159.

How does cilia help ependymal cells?

cilia helps circulate CSF 166.

How does shingles shingles virus waits for your immune attack your body? system to be stressed, it travels through the SENSORY axons to the skin,

How does the brain interpret

type of receptor, pathway, terminus (somatotopy)

the type of sensation and

How does the middle ear maintain a

How do junctions between neurons contain more than one synapse?

3

pathways typically involve? 167.

How many

31

pairs of spinal nerves? the auditory tube (eustacian tube)

168.

connection to the atmosphere? 162.

How many neurons do sensory

where its occurring? 161.

2: upper and lower

involve?

proliferates in the skin and causes rash and blisters 160.

How many neurons do motor
...