Radiographs YEAR 1 which helps with revision PDF

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Download Radiographs YEAR 1 which helps with revision PDF

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1. Body of vertebrae 2. Intervertebral disc 3. Pedicle 4. Pedicle 5. Transverse process 6. Transverse process 7. Neural canal 8. Neural canal 9. Spinous processes 10. Rib

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Body of vertebrae Spinous processes Transverse processes Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen ribs

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1. caecum 2. ascending colon 3. transverse colon 4. descending colon 5. rectum 6. right colic flexure 7. left colic flexure 8. sigmoid colon 9. ampulla of rectum

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9 Using a barium meal will allow you to see the whole of the GI tract at different periods after the meal

3. right kidney 4. lower pole of kidneys 5. hilum of kidneys 6. left kidney 7. right ureter 8. left ureter 9. bladder

Use an inravenous polygraphy to view the kidneys internal structures with X ray

1. right kidney 2. left kidney 3. minor calynx 4. major calynx 5. renal pelvis 6. ureter

1. 2. 3. 4.

Renal pelvis Tip of lumbar vertebra ureter bladder

baldder may also be seen by using retrograde cystogram, using a catheter to insert die

1. superior vena cava 2. right atrium 3. right ventricle 4. arch of aorta 5. left pulmonary trunk 6. left pulmonary artery 7. auricle of left atrium 8. left ventricle 9. left cardiophrenic angle

a. decending aorta b. right intervertebral artery c. left intervertebral artery

a. ascending aorta b. brachiocephalic artery c. carotid artery d. left subclavian e. common carotid f. bifurication of the carotid artery g. left vertebral h. right subclavian i. thyrocervical trunk j. internal; thoracic k. right inferior thyroid artery l. right transverse cervical s. catheter fed from femoral artery

a. catheter b. Right renal artery c. Segmental arteries of right kidney d. Left renal artery e. Lumbar artery f. division of abdominal aorta into common iliac arteries g. Medial sacral artery h. External iliac J. internal iliac

1. arch of aorta 2. thoracic aorta (descending aorta) 3. bodies of lower thoracic vertebrae 4. heart

With a CT scan you are looking up at image from feet! A CT scan shows solid areas as white and air filled spaces as black/darker. 1. left bronchi 2. right bronchi 3. hilum of lungs (containing bronchi, pulmonary and bronchial arteries and veins, lymphatics) 4. pulmonary blood vessels 5. Chest wall

Changing the settings of the computer: 6. ribs (more vertical at anterior) 7. rib (more horizontal at posterior) 8. rib articulation with vertebrae 9. sternum 10. Scapula

11. body of vertebra 12. transverse process 13. lamina 14. pedicle 15 spinous process

16. ascending aorta 17. decending aorta 18. left pulmonary artery 19. superior vena cava 20 right pulmonary artery 21 right bronchi 22. left bronchi 23. oesophagus

X Ray of Brain 1. Assessment of thickness of bone 2. Outer cortical layer 3. Inner cortical layer 4. Cancellous (dipole) (spongy bone) 5. Frontal bone 6. Parietal bone 7. Occipital bone 7 8. Orbit 9. Frontal air sinus 10. Sphenoidal air sinuses 11. Anterior clinoid process of sphenoid bone 12. Pituitary fossa 13. Posterior clinoid process of sphenoid bone 14. Petrous temporal bone

1. 2. 3. 4.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Fronto-zygomatic suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Lambdoid suture

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Orbit Lesser wing of sphenoid Frontal bone Frontal air sinus

5 4

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6 7

*taken in supine position with chin on chest 7

1. 2. 3. 4.

Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Foamen magnum Dorsum sallae (prominences on sphenoid bone that have posterior clinoid processes eminating) 5. Occipital crest (dense part of occipital bone) 6. Petrous ridge of temporal bone (pyramidal part that houses vestibulocochlear parts of inner ear) 7. Mastoid air cells

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MRI of brain 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Frontal air sinus Sphenoid air sinus Nasal cavity Nasopharynx

Corpus collosum Lateral ventricle Cingulated gyrus Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

5. Foramen magnum 6. Odontoid process of axis 1. optic chiasma 2. Pituitary gland 3. Cerebral aqueduct 4. 4th ventricle 5. Falx cerebelli 6. Mammary bodies (part of limbic system, thought to have a role in memory)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Genu (of corpus callosum) Body (of corpus callosum) Splenium (of corpus callosum) Anterior column of the fornix (large bundle of white matter that connects both sides) 5. Thalamus 6. Pineal gland (releases melatonin, creates awake/sleep cycle)

Arteriograms Catheter introduced die into the internal carotid a. Carotid bifurcation b. Cervical portion c. Intrapetrous part (where it passes through the skull) d. Cavernous section e. Main terminal branches f. Middle cerebral artery g. Anterior cerebral artery

a. Posterior cerebral artery b. Posterior communicating artery c. Vertebral artery d. Foramen magnum e. Basilar artery

CT scan E

a. Frontal air sinus b. Nasal cavity c. Ethmoid air sinus d. Sphenoid air sinus e. Frontal bone f. Zygoma g. squamus part of temporal bone h. Petrous part of temporal i. Pinna of ear j. Occipital bone k. Mastoid air cells

F G H

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k j

a. b. c. d. e.

Orbit Medial rectus muscle Eye ball Optic nerve Optic canal

Hysterosalpingogram of uterus 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

cannula Body of uterus Fundus of uterus Cervical canal Internal os External os intramural part of fallopian tube (part that enters the uterus) 8. Isthmus of falopian tube 9. Ampulla of fallopian tube 10. Fimbriae 11. Overspill of die into the peritoneal cavity

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MRI of female pelvis 1. pubis 2. Sacrum 3. Periostial structures (surrounding pubic bone) 4. Fusion of bones in sacrum 5. coccyx 6. Infero-posterior portion of urinary bladder 7. Vesico-uterine pouch 8. Abdominal wall 9. Anterior vaginal wall 10. Internal os

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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uterus Cervix Vagina Fundus of uterus Recto-uterine pouch Lumen of uterus Rectum Sigmoid colon

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X ray of foetus

1. 2. 3. 4.

Sagittal section 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Pelvis Foetal head (engaged in pelvis) Foetal face Upper limb Lower limb Mothers vertebral column Anterior abdominal wall

Foetal head above brim of pelvis Spine of foetus Arm of foetus Leg of foetus

Cross-section 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Foetal head Foetal vertebral column Lower limb Anterior abdominal wall Pelvis

6 months old a. Not yet ossified head of femur b. Not yet ossified greater trochanter c. Ossifying pubis d. Ossifying ischium

Older child 1. Ossification centre of greater trochanter 2. Epiphyseal plate

Posterior view of extended knee 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Lateral epicondyle of femur Medial condyle of tibia Articular cartilage Patella Intercondylar notch Intercondylar eminence

Childs knee

1. Distal epiphyseal plate of femur 2. Proximal epiphyseal plate of tibia

Childs wrist a. Capitate b. Hamate c. Triquetral d. Lunate e. Scaphoid f. Trapezium g. trapezoid

Fully grown wrist a. Triquetral b. Pisiform c. Lunate d. Scaphoid e. Trapezium f. Trapezoid g. Capitate h. Hamate j. hook of hamate

d h

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f

a

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Antero-posterior view of ankle

c

b

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

Fibular Calcaneous Cuboidal Tibia Talus Navicular Cuneiform Metatarsals

Lateral view of ankle

h

a. Talo-tibial joint b. Fibular c. Talus d. Calcaneous (tendo-achillis attachment on the supero-posterior border)

Antero-posterior view of ankle a. b. c. d.

Talo-tibial joint space (or jus tibia) Medial maleolus Talo-fibular joint (or just fibular) Lateral malleolus

a. Clavicle b. Corocoid process of scapula c. Acromium (antero-lateral continuation of the scapula) d. Greater tubercle e. Head of humerus f. Glenoid g. Shaft of humerus (diphyseal) h. Lateral border of scapula i. Lateral aspects of ribs

a. Olecranon fossa and coronoid fossa superimposed on each other to create an oval/circular area of translucency b. Trochlea c. Head of humerus d. Coronoid process e. Head of radius f. Tuberosity of radius *may not be correct but the HARC slides didn’t match up with where the arrows were pointing

g. h. i. j.

Olecranon process Shaft of humerus Radius Ulna

i

j

1. Neck of femur 2. Head of femur 3. Acetabulum

1. Fovea capitis (indentation on the head of the femur into which the round ligament joins) 2. Head of femur 3. Obturator foramen 4. Shenton’s line (inferior border of neck of femur) 5. Superior border of neck of femur

Osteoporosis of the hips a. Narrowing of the joint space b. Osterphytes (clumps of bone that form along joints) at acetabular margin

Hip replacement after fracture 1. Metal implant 2. Head of implant (has plastic cup around the small head) 3. Metal shaft of prosthesis (held in with acrylic cement) 4. Metal wiring through greater trochanter

1. Left ilium 2. Right ilium 3. Sacrum 4. Ilium 5. Ischium 6. Pubis 7. Iliac blade 8. Superior anterior iliac spine 9. Left sacro-iliac joint 10. Iliac crest 11. Ischial ramus 12. Pelvic brim 13. Ischial tuberosity 14. Obturator foramen

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Pubic symphysis superior ramus Inferior ramus Pubic tubercle Acetubulum Head of femur Hip joint space

1. Gall bladder 2. Boy of gall bladder 3. Fundus of gall bladder 4. Neck of gall bladder 5. Cystic duct (mucus membrane forms a spiral like valve with a series of folds)

CT of abdomen 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Ribs Erector spinae muscle Rectus abdominis muscle Anterior portion Posterior portion Medial segment Lateral segment Ligamentum venosum

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6. Body of pancreas 7. Tail of pancreas 8. Inferior vena cava 9. Bile duct 10. Stomach 11. Air bubble in stomach 12. spleen 13. left kidney 14. hilum of kidney 15. perinephric fat

1. decending aorta (enters the abdomen under the median arcuate ligament 2. Left crus of diaphragm 3. Right crus of diaphragm 4. Section of diaphragm 5. Slight flattening of vertebra where aorta passes though diaphragm...