Removing barriers: Women in academic science, technology, engineering, and mathematics PDF

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2008 Scholarship about women faculty, students, and administrators in higher education ­ PUBLISHED BY ­ NASPA – STUDENT AFFAIRS ADMINISTRATORS IN HIGHER EDUCATION ­ About the Journal Published annually, the Journal About Women in Higher Education is a blind peer-reviewed scholarly journal that aims ...

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Accelerat ing t he world's research.

Removing barriers: Women in academic science, technology, engineering, and mathematics Carlos Nava

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About the Journal Published annually, the Journal About Women in Higher Education is a blind peer-reviewed scholarly journal that aims to deepen understanding of issues facing women faculty, students, and administrators. The Journal About Women in Higher Education publishes articles that focus on empirical research, pedagogy and administrative practice. Intended for both practitioners and researchers, the Journal is designed to increase interest in research about women faculty, students, and administrators in higher education and to highlight current examples of this research. The Journal About Women in Higher Education offers research reflecting a variety of paradigms and issues affecting women in higher education in all their diversity. The Journal About Women in Higher Education is sponsored by NASPA’s Center for Scholarship, Research, and Professional Development for Women. Financial support for the inaugural issue provided by Diverse: Issues in Higher Education. Membership and Subscriptions Information concerning application for membership in NASPA and subscriptions to the Journal About Women in Higher Education may be obtained from NASPA 1875 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 418 Washington, DC 20009 telephone 202-265-7500 • www.naspa.org Manuscripts Manuscripts submitted for publication should meet the requirements of the Journal About Women in Higher Education’s “Guidelines for Authors.” Visit www.naspa.org/jawhe for complete submission information. Ownership The Journal About Women in Higher Education is published annually by the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators (NASPA), 1875 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 418, Washington, DC 20009. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: Journal About Women in Higher Education, National Association of Student Personnel Administrators, 1875 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 418, Washington, DC 20009 Permissions, Reprints, and Single Issues Copyright © 2008 by the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators (NASPA), Inc. Printed and bound in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means without written permission from the publisher. NASPA does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, gender identity, gender expression, affectional or sexual orientation, or disability in any of its policies, programs, and services. Additional copies may be purchased by contacting the NASPA publications department at 301-638-1749 or visiting http://bookstore.naspa.org

ISSN 1940-7882 ISBN 0-931654-54-8

Table of Contents

ｘ

Table of Contents

vii

List of Reviewers

ix

Editors’ Note

ARTICLES

1

he National Association for Women in Education: An Enduring Legacy by Lynn M. Gangone

23

Gender Differences Over the Span of College: Challenges to Achieving Equity by Linda J. Sax, Emily Arms

49

Leadership in a World of Divided Feminism by Adrianna Kezar, Jamie Lester

74

A Window Into the Culture of Leadership Within Higher Education hrough the Leadership Defi nitions of Women Faculty: A Case Study of ELAM Women Faculty Alumnae by Sharon A. McDade, Kirk A. Nooks, Phillip J. King,

Lorraine Sloma­Williams, Yu­Chuan Chuang, Rosalyn

C. Richman, Page S. Morahan

103

Welfare Women Go Elite: he Ada Comstock Scholars Program by Auden D. h

omas

123

Communities of Exclusion: Women Student Experiences in Information Technology Classrooms by Julia Colyar

143

he Impact of Childhood Abuse on University Women’s Career Choice by Rosemary C. Reilly, Miranda D’Amico

iii

ｘ iv

he Journal About Women in Higher Education

164

She Fears You: Teaching College Men to End Rape by Keith E. Edwards, Troy Headrick

181

A Man’s Academy? he Dissertation Process as Feminist Resistance by Jennifer R. Wolgemuth, Clifford P. Harbour



202

American Indian Women in Academia: he Joys and Challenges

by Mary Jo Tippeconnic Fox

PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS

222

Virtual Women’s Center by Karyn Benner, Ferris State University, Michigan

223

Pilot Women’s Empowerment Program by Claudia F. Curry, Community College of Philadelphia

225

Professional Peer Clinical Supervision: A Model for the Professional Development of Counselor Educators by Jody B. Gallagher, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania

227

Benefiting Female Students in Science, Math, and Engineering: Establishing a WISE Learning Community

by Laurie A. Witucki, Diana G. Pace,



Kathleen M. Blumreich, Grand Valley State University,

Michigan

229

Mentoring-for-Leadership Lunch Series for Women SEM Faculty by Joyce Yen, University of Washington

BOOK REVIEWS

231

he Balancing Act: Gender Perspectives in Faculty Roles and Work Lives

olk University,

Reviewed by Jennifer O. Duff y, Suff Massachusetts

Table of Contents

ｘ v

234

he Doctor’s Complete College Girls’ Health Guide: From Sex to Drugs to the Freshmen Fifteen Reviewed by M.E. Yeager, Kansas State University

236

“Strangers” of the Academy: Asian Women Scholars in Higher Education

Reviewed by Yuanting Zhang, Bowling Green University,

Ohio

239

Removing Barriers: Women in Academic Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Reviewed by Shaki Asgari, Fordham University, New York

242

College Girls: Bluestockings, Sex Kittens, and Coeds, hen and Now

Reviewed by Amy hompson McCandless, College of

Charleston, South Carolina

LET

®

LEAD THE WAY

Diverse is the preeminent source of current news, insightful special reports and provocative commentary about the higher education landscape. Diverse reaches more people of color and people with diverse backgrounds than any other higher education publication. To Advertise

To Subscribe

call 800-783-3199 call 800-475-9596

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u s

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ｘ vii

Table of Contents

List of Reviewers

Editors



Barbara K. Townsend

Susan B. Twombly





University of Missouri – Columbia

University of Kansas



















Minnesota State University

Washington University in St. Louis

University of Arkansas – Fayetteville

University of Missouri

University of Maryland

Central Michigan University

George Washington University

University of Pennsylvania

Florida State University

American University

County College of Morris

University of Kansas

Bowling Green State University













Michigan State University

University of Missouri

University of Missouri

NASPA

Southern Illinois University

University of Missouri

Central Michigan University

University of Missouri

Editorial Board



Ann Blackhurst

Jill Carnaghi

Johnetta Cross Brazzell

Jeni Hart



Susan Jones

Sarah Marshall

Sharon McDade

Laura Perna

Robert Schwartz



Gail Short Hansen

Bette Simmons

Kathryn Tuttle



Ed Whipple

Other Reviewers



Marilyn Amey

Karen Cockrell

Brad Curs

Zaneeta Daver

Patrick Dilley

Joe Donaldson

Pam Eddy

Gail Fitzgerald













ｘ viii

he Journal About Women in Higher Education

Joy Gaston­Gayles

Sandra Gaut



Judy Glazer



Norm Gysbers



Mary Heppner

Philo Hutcheson

Jane Irungu



Cheryl Lovell



Tatiana Melguizo

Jennifer Ng



Lori Reesor



Patricia Somers

Buffy Smith





Jackie Spears



Dawn Tato



Amy hompson­McCandless

Kristin Wilson



Lisa Wolf­Wendel



North Carolina State University

University of Kansas

Columbia University

University of Missouri

University of Missouri

Georgia State University

University of Kansas

University of Denver

University of Southern California

University of Kansas

University of Kansas

University of Texas at Austin

St. h

omas University

Kansas State University

University of Kansas

College of Charleston

Moberly Area Community College

University of Kansas

NASPA Staff





Melissa Dahne

Zaneeta Daver



























Director of Publications

Director of the Center for Scholarship, Research, and Professional Development for

Women

ｘ ix

Editors’ Note

We welcome you to the inaugural issue of the Journal About Women

in Higher Education. Sponsored by NASPA’s Center for Scholarship,

Research, and Professional Development for Women, the Journal focuses



on women in higher education: students, student aff airs staff, other staff

and administrative groups, and faculty. he intended audience is anyone

who cares about highlighting and improving the experiences of women in

higher education.

In the 2007 call for manuscripts, the Journal editors sought scholarly

essays and research­based manuscripts that illuminate important

issues related to women in higher education and that make an original

contribution to the knowledge base about these women. In response to this

call, we received 67 articles indicating, as the NASPA Center for Women

thought, that there is an interest in scholarly writing and publication about

women in higher education. he bulk of the manuscripts were about college

students, primarily undergraduates; as a consequence, the majority of the

articles in this issue are about students. Other topics among the submitted

manuscripts were articles about women faculty; women leaders, especially

deans of women; and curriculum and pedagogy that supported women.

We also received a few articles about women in other countries. Although

none of those articles appear in this issue, we look forward to publishing

comparative articles in future issues of the Journal About Women in Higher

Education. In terms of institutional settings, the majority of the articles

focused on women in research universities or more generically women,

especially students, in 4­year institutions. Since our intent is to represent

all of higher education in this Journal, including community colleges, we

were disappointed to receive almost no manuscripts addressing women in

this important sector.

Among the 67 manuscripts we received, several described and

sometimes evaluated a specific institutional program that benefi

ted women

students or faculty. We selected to spotlight these programs by asking

the authors to write a 500­word description of the programs and provide

contact information so that others could learn more about the programs.

Additionally, we sought to include more authors in the Journal by including

reviews of books that focused on some aspect of women in higher education.

ｘ x

he Journal About Women in Higher Education

he next volume of the Journal About Women in Higher Education will also

include book reviews as well as spotlighted programs.

Finally, we believe that collectively the articles selected for the inaugural

issue of JAWHE illustrate the variety of methods currently used to look at

women in higher education and provide a view of some of the current

research about these women. In most instances the articles refl ect, either

explicitly or implicitly, the perspective that gender relations are still

problematic for women in higher education. It is our hope that this Journal

will serve to highlight these relations and illustrate ways to improve them

so that all participants in higher education can enjoy and benefit from an

academy relatively free of gender discrimination.

















Barbara K. Townsend University of Missouri – Columbia































Susan B. Twombly University of Kansas January 2008

ｘ 1



he National Association









for Women in Education:











An Enduring Legacy

Lynn M. Gangone Dean, The Women’s College of the University of Denver Chambers Center for the Advancement of Women

his chronicle of the National Association for Women in Education

(NAWE) from 1916

–2000 examines the contributions the association

and its leaders made to the advancement of women administrators,

faculty, and students during its 84-year history. Established at the

turn of the 20th century when women still lacked the right to vote, the

association’s founding members, the deans of women, set a high standard

for their profession and their students, placing advocacy for women front

and center. Although NAWE came to an end at the turn of the 21st

century, the association left a significant

legacy worthy of its original

mission and intent.

INTRODUCTION

In September 2000, the higher education community lost one of its

most venerable associations. After many years of effort

to turn around

declines in its revenues, members, and conference attendance, the

National Association for Women in Education (NAWE) membership

voted on August 13, 2000, to dissolve the Association; the vote also

included a decision to distribute its remaining assets to other 501(c)(3)

organizations that best reflected NAWE’s mission and core values (L.M.

Gangone, personal communication to NAWE members, August 30,

2000). he

NAWE membership approved the transfer of the NAWE

database and copyrights for the Institute for Emerging Women Leaders in

Higher Education (IEWL) and the International Conference on Women

in Higher Education (ICWIHE) to Higher Education Resource Services

ｘ 2

he Journal About Women in Higher Education

(HERS); a request for proposals was distributed in September 2000 inviting

501(c)(3) organizations to seek ownership of the National Conference for

College Women Student Leaders (NCCWSL) (L.M. Gangone, personal

communication to 501(c)(3) organizations, August 21, 2000). Ultimately,

ownership of NCCWSL was granted to the American Association of

University Women (AAUW), a partner of the Association since the early

1900s. he Association’s journal, Initiatives: he Journal of NAWE, a highly



regarded journal dedicated to women, was retired with the Association’s

closure. NAWE, founded in 1916 as the National Association of Deans

of Women (NADW), a pioneering guidance and personnel association

dedicated to the advancement of women, was no longer.

Founded when Margaret Sanger first

tested the validity of

anticontraception laws, when the 19th amendment of the U.S. Constitution

was ratified, during an era when the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was

first introduced (he National Women’s History Project, 2007), and when



women’s education was a topic of controversy (Schwartz, 1997), NAWE

preserved its separatism as a women’s organization and maintained an

unwavering commitment to women throughout its 84 years of existence.

NAWE was one of the first

higher education associations in America,

one of the first personnel and guidance associations, and one of the fi

rst

educational associations dedicated to women. he deans of women, and

their successors, opened doors and opportunities for women students,

faculty, and administrators throughout American campuses (Sayre, 1950;

Strang, 1966; Gangone, 1999). he scholarly journal, research monographs,