Reproductive System - Lecture notes chapter 17 PDF

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Reproductive System 

List the functions of the reproductive system and distinguish between those that occur in males, females, and both.

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Describe the process of meiosis, highlighting the change in chromosome number and structure after each division and explain why meiosis is necessary in sexually reproducing organisms.

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Describe the different events in meiosis that result in genetic variation among gametes.

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Describe the scrotum and its role in regulating the temperature of the testes.

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Describe the structure of the testes, the specialized cells of the testes, and the process of spermatogenesis.

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List the ducts of the male reproductive system and explain their functions.

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Describe the structure of the penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands, and explain their functions.

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List the hormones that influence the male reproductive system and describe their functions.

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Demonstrate an understanding of the changes that occur in males during puberty.

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Explain the events that occur during the male sex act.

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Name the organs of the female reproductive system and describe their functions.

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Describe the anatomy and histology of the ovaries.

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Discuss the development of the oocyte and the follicle and describe ovulation and fertilization.

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Describe the structure of the uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and mammary glands.

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Describe the changes that occur in females during puberty.

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Explain the changes in the ovary and uterus during the menstrual and ovarian cycles.

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List the hormones of the female reproductive system and explain their functions and how their secretion is regulated.

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Explain the events that occur during the female sex act.

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Describe the events that occur following fertilization of the oocyte and the process of implantation of the embryo.

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Discuss menopause, including the changes that result from it.

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Describe the major age-related changes in the male and female reproductive systems.

Development, Growth, Aging and Genetics 

List the prenatal periods, and state the major developmental events associated with each.

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List the postnatal periods, and state the age range for each.

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Describe the process of fertilization.

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Describe the blastocyst, the process of implantation, and placental formation.

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List the three germ layers, describe their formation, and list the adult derivatives of each layer.

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Discuss the formation of the neural tube and the neural crest cells.

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Explain the formation of the digestive tract, the limbs, and the face.

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Demonstrate knowledge of the formation of the major organ systems.

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Explain the events that occur during the three stages of parturition.

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Discuss the hormonal changes of parturition for both the fetus and the mother.

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Describe the events of lactation and relate the roles of hormones in milk production and release.

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Describe the changes that occur during the first year after birth.

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Describe the process of aging and the events that occur at the time of death

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Define genetics and explain how chromosomes are related to inheritance.

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Explain how Mendel’s theories of genetics compare to modern concepts of genetics.

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Define and give examples of phenotypes and genotypes.

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Explain what a karyotype is.

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Describe major patterns of inheritance.

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Describe how mitosis differs from meiosis.

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Explain how various genetic disorders can occur.

Urinary System 

List the organs of the urinary system and describe their main functions.

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Describe the location, external anatomy and inner regions of the kidneys.

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Give the details of the nephron’s structure and histology.

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Explain the blood supply of the kidney.

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Briefly describe the three processes necessary for urine production.

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Identify the principal factors that influence filtration, and explain how they affect the rate of filtrate formation.

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Explain how filtration is regulated.

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Describe the role of the various regions of the kidney tubule in the process of reabsorption.

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Explain how substances are able to move across the wall of the tubule.

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Relate the types of substances that are moved during tubular secretion, and explain how those substances are moved.

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Explain how antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic hormone influence volume and concentration of urine.

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Explain how plasma clearance is used to calculate renal plasma flow.

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Define tubular load and tubular maximum.

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Describe the anatomy and histology of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

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Explain the flow of urine from the nephron to the urinary bladder.

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Discuss the micturition reflex.

Water, Electrolytes and Acid-Base Balance 

Identify the major fluid compartments of the body and their subdivisions.

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List the dominant cations and anions in the major fluid compartments and explain how these ion concentrations are achieved. .

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Describe the causes of edema.

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Discuss how body fluid osmolality is achieved and held in homoeostatic balance.

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Explain the mechanisms that regulate and maintain extracellular and intercellular fluid volumes.

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Describe the causes and symptoms of abnormal plasma levels of selected electrolytes.

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Demonstrate an understanding of acids and bases, and their relationship with buffers.

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Explain the actions of the three buffer systems of the body.

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Describe mechanisms of acid-base balance and explain the causes and effects of acid-base imbalances....