Roger Brockenbrough Highway engineering handbook building and rehabilitating the infrastructure McGraw Hill (2009) PDF

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iii HIGHWAY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Building and Rehabilitating the Infrastructure Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. Editor President R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Third Edition New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Se...

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Building and Rehabilitating the Infrastructure Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. Editor President R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Third Edition

New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Highway engineering handbook : building and rehabilitating the infrastructure / Roger L. Brockenbrough, editor.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-07-159763-0 (alk. paper) 1. Highway engineering—United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Brockenbrough, R. L. TE23.H484 2009 625.7—dc22 2009002381 Copyright © 2009, 2003, 1996 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 1 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 ISBN 978-0-07-159763-0 MHID 0-07-159763-8 Sponsoring Editor Larry S. Hager Editing Supervisor Stephen M. Smith Production Supervisor Richard C. Ruzycka Project Manager Anupriya Tyagi, International Typesetting and Composition Copy Editor Surendra Nath Shivam, International Typesetting and Composition Proofreader Ragini Pandey, International Typesetting and Composition Art Director, Cover Jeff Weeks Composition International Typesetting and Composition Printed and bound by RR Donnelley. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a special sales representative, please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.

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ABOUT THE EDITOR Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E., is an engineering consultant involved in the development of technical information to facilitate improved designs. He is also the editor of McGraw-Hill’s Structural Steel Designer’s Handbook. Mr. Brockenbrough is a member of the AISC Specifications Committee, Chair of the AISI Committee on Specifications for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, a past member of the Transportation Research Board Committee on Subsurface Soil-Structure Interaction, a member of the ASTM Committee on Corrugated Steel Pipe Specifications, and a Fellow and Life Member of ASCE. He was recently honored as a member of the Virginia Tech Civil and Environmental Engineering Academy of Distinguished Alumni.

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CONTENTS Contributors

xi

Preface to the Third Edition

xiii

Preface to the Second Edition

xv

Preface to the First Edition

xvii

Factors for Conversion to SI Units of Measurement

xix

Chapter Environmental Issues 1. James R. Brown and Samuel Less, AICP

1

1.1 Environmental Issues Affecting Highway Projects

2

1.2 Federal Requirements Governing Transportation Planning and the Environment

3

1.3 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)

5

1.4 Federal Requirements Governing Resource-Specific Environmental Aspects

23

1.5 Lead-Based Paint Removal

39

1.6 Resource Recovery and Use of Waste Material

52

Chapter Highway Location, Design, and Traffic 2. Larry J. Shannon, P.E.

67

2.1 Transportation Development Process

67

2.2 Geometric Design

76

2.3 Cross-Section Design

117

2.4 Intersection Design

147

2.5 Interchange Ramp Design

164

2.6 Collector-Distributor Roads

173

2.7 Multilane Ramp and Roadway Terminals and Transitions

175

2.8 Service Roads

181

2.9 Access to Public Roads

183

2.10 Driveway Design

183

2.11 The Cost of Congestion

195

2.12 Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems

197

2.13 High-Occupancy Vehicle Lanes

199

2.14 Highway Construction Plans

209

2.15 References Chapter Pavement Design and Rehabilitation 3. Aric A. Morse, P.E., and Roger L. Green, P.E.

221 223

3.1 Rigid Pavement

224

3.2 Flexible Pavement

232

3.3 Composite Pavement (Overlays)

233

3.4 Development of AASHTO Pavement Design Equations

233

3.5 Parameters for AASHTO Pavement Design

235

3.6 Rigid Pavement Design Procedure

257

3.7 Flexible Pavement Design Procedure

266

3.8 Pavement Management

270

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3.9 Methods of Pavement Rehabilitation

296

3.10 Pavement Preventive Maintenance

301

3.11 Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Pavements

306

3.12 Reference Material

309

Chapter 4. Bridge Engineering Walter J. Jestings, P.E., and Mahir Sen, P.E. 4.1 Client-Consultant Relationship

311

4.2 Aesthetic Considerations

313

4.3 Bridge Design Specifications

313

4.4 Bridge Geometrics

314

4.5 Basic Bridge Materials

316

4.6 Bridge Deck Materials and Systems

321

4.7 Concrete Bridge Deck Design

323

4.8 Concrete Bridge Deck Construction

324

4.9 Concrete Bridge Deck Protection

325

4.10 Deck Surfaces and Deck Overlays

327

4.11 Selection of Materials for Main Superstructure Members

327

4.12 Corrosion Protection of New Steel Bridges

328

4.13 Weathering Steel

329

4.14 Deflection and Expansion Joints

330

4.15 Continuity and Jointless Bridges

335

4.16 Characteristics and Selection of Bridge Types

336

4.17 Determination of Span Lengths

344

4.18 Bridge Widening and Rehabilitation

344

4.19 Repainting of Existing Bridges

346

4.20 Deck Drainage

347

4.21 Bridge Bearings

348

4.22 Provision for Inspection of New Bridges

354

4.23 Scour

354

4.24 Seismic Design

356

Chapter 5. Culverts, Drainage, and Replacements for Bridges Kevin E. White, P.E. 5.1 Hydrology

311

359 359

5.2 Design of Open Channels

371

5.3 Fundamentals of Open-Channel Flow

373

5.4 Design of Roadway Drainage

379

5.5 Hydraulic Design of Culverts

388

5.6 Culvert Types and Materials

403

5.7 Culvert Service Life

413

5.8 Structural Design of Drainage Pipes

418

5.9 Replacements for Bridges

459

5.10 Construction Methods

461

5.11 Inspection

464

5.12 Rehabilitation

470

Chapter 6. Safety Systems Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. 6.1 Concepts and Benefits of Roadside Safety

473 473

6.2 Application of Clear Zone Concept to Slope and Drainage Design

475

6.3 Sign and Luminaire Supports and Similar Features

483

6.4 Warrants for Roadside Barriers

488

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6.5 Characteristics of Roadside Barriers

491

6.6 Selection of Roadside Barriers

499

6.7 Placement of Roadside Barriers

502

6.8 Upgrading Roadside Barrier Systems

506

6.9 Median Barriers

506

6.10 Placement of Barriers on Sloped Medians

515

6.11 Bridge Railings and Transitions

517

6.12 Barrier End Treatments and Crash Cushions

522

Chapter Signing and Roadway Lighting 7. Part 1. Signing Brian L. Bowman, Ph.D., P.E.

533

7.1 Traffic Signing Needs

533

7.2 Crashworthy Concerns of Roadside Features

539

7.3 Design of Single-Mount Sign Supports

546

7.4 Slip Base Designs

562

7.5 Design of Multiple-Mount Sign Supports

566

7.6 Maintenance and Construction of Sign Supports

574

7.7 Fastening Sign Blanks on Single–Sign-Support Systems

588

7.8 Multiple–Sign-Mount Installation

594

7.9 Fastening Sign Blanks on Multiple–Sign-Support Systems

598

7.10 Guidelines for Multiple–Sign-Support Construction

602

7.11 Sign Vandalism Problems and Countermeasures

604

7.12 Maintenance of Traffic Signs

608

7.13 References on Signing

612

Part 2. Roadway Lighting C. Paul Watson, P.E., Nelson Russell, P.E., and Brian L. Bowman, Ph.D., P.E.

615

7.14 Benefits and Fundamentals of Lighting

615

7.15 Facility and Area Classifications

618

7.16 Freeway Lighting Considerations

620

7.17 Streets and Highways Other Than Freeways

623

7.18 Tunnel Lighting

624

7.19 Roadway Rest Areas

626

7.20 Analytical Approach to Lighting Warrants

628

7.21 Types of Luminaires

628

7.22 High Mast Lighting

635

7.23 Roadside Safety

636

7.24 Pole Types

639

7.25 Electrical Hazard

640

7.26 Foundations

642

7.27 Bases

646

7.28 Construction Considerations

649

7.29 Acceptance Tests

651

7.30 Maintenance Considerations

652

7.31 Impact Performance Criteria

653

7.32 Structural Design

655

7.33 References on Lighting

655

Chapter Retaining Walls 8. A. J. Siccardi, P.E., and S. C. (Trever) Wang, Ph.D., P.E.

657

8.1 Earth Retaining Wall Classification

658

8.2 Earth Pressure Considerations and Determination

670

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8.3 Foundation Investigations and Soils Analysis

681

8.4 Rigid Retaining Walls

690

8.5 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls

698

8.6 Nongravity Cantilevered Wall Design

738

8.7 Anchored Wall Design

743

8.8 Soil Nailed Structures

749

8.9 Prefabricated Modular Walls

767

8.10 MSE Bridge Abutment Walls

767

8.11 Reference Material

772

Chapter 9. Noise Barriers James J. Hill, P.E., and Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. 9.1 Acoustical Concepts

775 776

9.2 Acoustical Standards and Design

777

9.3 Types of Noise Barriers

778

9.4 Noise Barrier Selection

779

9.5 Aesthetics

780

9.6 Safety Considerations

784

9.7 Maintenance Considerations

784

9.8 Project Development Steps

785

9.9 Structural Design

787

9.10 Foundation Design

791

9.11 Construction

792

Chapter 10. Value Engineering and Life Cycle Cost Harold G. Tufty, CVS, FSAVE 10.1 FHWA Role in Value Engineering

797 797

10.2 AASHTO Role in Value Engineering

803

10.3 Value Engineering Job Plan Concept

808

10.4 Value Engineering Job Plan Detail

809

10.5 Fast Diagramming and the Job Plan

820

10.6 Cost Model

825

10.7 Worth Model

825

10.8 Considerations in Life Cycle Cost Analysis

826

10.9 Categories of Costs

828

10.10 Methods of Calculation

829

10.11 Examples of Successful VE Highway Studies

830

Index

835

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CONTRIBUTORS Brian L. Bowman, Ph.D., P.E. Professor of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (Chap. 7) Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. President, R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Chaps. 6, 9) James R. Brown National Director, Transportation Environmental Programs, HDR Engineering, Inc., New York, New York (Chap. 1) Roger L. Green, P.E. Pavement Research Engineer, Ohio Department of Transportation, Columbus, Ohio (Chap. 3) James J. Hill, P.E. Structural Engineer, Consultant, Anoka, Minnesota (Chap. 9) Walter J. Jestings, P.E. Formerly, Bridge Engineer, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia (Chap. 4) Samuel Less, AICP Planning Director, Transportation Environmental Programs, HDR Engineering, Inc., New York, New York (Chap. 1) Aric A. Morse, P.E. Pavement Design Engineer, Ohio Department of Transportation, Columbus, Ohio (Chap. 3) Nelson Russell, P.E. Manager, Electrical Department, Volkert & Associates, Mobile, Alabama (Chap. 7) Mahir Sen, P.E. Professional Associate, PB Americas, Inc., Newark, New Jersey (Chap. 4) Larry J. Shannon, P.E. Highway Technical Manager, ms Consultants, Columbus, Ohio (Chap. 2) A. J. Siccardi, P.E. Formerly, Staff Bridge Engineer, Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, Colorado (Chap. 8) Harold G. Tufty, CVS, FSAVE Editor and Publisher, Value Engineering and Management Digest, Washington, D.C. (Chap. 10) S. C. (Trever) Wang, Ph.D., P.E. Senior Engineer, Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, Colorado (Chap. 8) C. Paul Watson, P.E. Formerly, State Electrical Engineer, Alabama Department of Transportation, Montgomery, Alabama (Chap. 7) Kevin E. White, P.E. Principal Hydraulic Engineer, E. L. Robinson Engineering, Columbus, Ohio (Chap. 5)

xiii

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Improvements in highway design methods and practices are reflected in this Third Edition of the handbook. The chapter on environmental issues has been updated throughout in view of ever-evolving regulations in that area. The chapter on highway design includes information from the latest AASHTO “Green Book.” The trend to replace bridges with spans up to about 60 ft (18 m) with stiffened special long-span corrugated steel and precast concrete drainage structures is documented in the chapter on culverts. The chapter on safety systems shows the trend to use median barriers over wider median widths than in the past. Metric units have been added throughout the text and in tables and figures wherever feasible. The reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when information set forth in this handbook is applied. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. Readers are encouraged to use the latest edition of referenced specifications and guides, because they provide more complete information and are subject to frequent change. Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E.

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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This new edition of the handbook has been updated throughout to reflect continuing changes and improvements in design trends and specifications. The chapter on bridge engineering has been revised to provide more comprehensive treatment of this important topic. The chapter on culverts and drainage provides updated hydraulic design information as well as the latest approved methods for the structural design of concrete, steel, and plastic pipes. The chapter on retaining walls has been expanded with new information on mechanically stabilized earth walls, including a section on bridge abutment walls. Significant new information has been added to the chapter on value engineering to reflect the current roles of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Engineers (AASHTO); additional examples of applications have been included, too. Regrettably, this edition of the handbook marks the passing of Kenneth Boedecker, a friend and colleague active in highway engineering applications for many years. His contributions, particularly in the development of improved specifications for drainage pipe and other products, are gratefully acknowledged. Finally, the reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when information set forth in this handbook is applied. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. Readers are encouraged to use the latest edition of the referenced specifications, because they provide more complete information and are subject to frequent change. Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E.

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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The Highway Engineering Handbook has been developed by knowledgeable engineers to serve as a comprehensive reference source for those involved in highway design. This handbook is broad in scope, presenting information on topics ranging from environmental issues to value engineering, from the design of culverts, lighting, and noise walls to the design of safety systems, retaining walls, and bridges. In addition, such fundamental subjects as location and pavement design are fully discussed. This volume should be useful to a wide range of personnel involved in highway design and construction, including consulting engineers; engineers employed by departments of transportation in federal, state, and local governments; those involved with turnpike authorities; and engineering educators. Both experienced practitioners and serious students will find the information presented here useful and easy to apply. It should enable the engineer to create a design that fulfills the requirements of the highway user: a safe, smooth, durable, aesthetically pleasing, environmentally sensitive, and economical highway system. Contributors to this handbook are experienced highway engineers, consultants, or educators. They are leading authorities in their subject areas. The guiding principle of this book is to present practical information that has direct application to situations encountered in the field. Efforts were made to coordin...