RSM 326 Study Guide PDF

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Study Guide Exam 2...

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STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2 // RSM 326 LEARNING DISABILITIES SPECIFICS Auditory Processing Disorder Dyscalculia Dysgraphia Dyslexia Language Processing Disorder Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit STATISTICS - 4.7% of school aged children are served for Specific learning disabilities under IDEA. - 2/3 Boys - Administration of a battery of tests is provided to a child for a true diagnosis. LD: CAUSES - How a child comes to have a learning disability is unknown, but 3 categories have been proposed 1. Brain Damage 2. Environmental Factors 3. Biochemical imbalances

DWARFISM: Little People of America (LPA) defines dwarfism as: - Medical or genetic condition - Adult height of 4’10’’ or shorter ACHONDROPLASIA (TYPE of DWARFISM) - Genetic conditions

- Disproportionately short arms and legs - Average height is 4’0’’ - Most frequently diagnoses - 1 per 26,000 to 40,000 births DWARFISM // SECONDARY PROBLEMS: 1. Compression of the brain stem 2. Hydrocephalus 3. Obstructive sleep apnea

DWARFISM // PROGNOSIS: -

Varies from condition and severity Intelligence, life spans, and reasonable good health Surgeries or other medical interventions Orthopedic complications

SPINAL STENOSIS - narrowing of the spinal canal

ANGELMAN SYNDROME: - Rare neuro-genetic disorder - 1 in 15,000 live births - Characteristics: developmental delay, speech impairment, seizures, behavior uniqueness, walking and balance disorders * You should smile at them a lot. They may not be able to verbalize and talk with you but they know what you’re saying. SECONDARY PROBLEMS: -

Protruding tongue Swallowing disorders Feeding problems Wide mouth; wide spaced teeth Frequent drooling Excessive chewing

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Strabismus Wide-based gait Sensitivity to heat Abnormal sleep-wake cycles

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER:  Contemporary Views and Management of ADHD Developmental disorder of inattention  Common Symptoms: Poor organization, easily distracted, forgetful, fidgets/squirms, poor attention span, leaves seat TIMELINE:   

Subgroup running around (George Still finding in 1900) Minimal brain dysfunction (1960) DSM 3 – Attention Deficit Disorder (+ or – Hyperactivity) (No Date)

DEMOGRAPHICS:  7-10% or more of school-aged children SYMPTOMS: CHILDREN:  Hyperactive, running around, breaking things (Children)  Begin to mature a little bit (Teen)  You will always have ADHD till the day you die ADULT: - Fidgets/squirms - Forgetful - Easily distracted - Poor organization, attention - Intrusive - Unable to follow through with tasks A CORRECT DIAGNOSIS: Before t/tx is initiated, it is necessary to obtain a diagnosis of ADHD by a qualified professional in order to:  Determine a course of treatment  Plan for treatment monitoring  Link treatment to prognosis  Become eligible for specialized education services DSM-5 ADHD Diagnostic Criteria:

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List of symptoms must be present for past 6 months Must have at least 6 of the 9 Present before age of 7

TYPES: HYPERACTIVE SYMPTOMS:    

Squirms and Fidgeting Blurts out answers Talks too much Has trouble staying seated

INATTENTION SYMPTOMS:  Careless  Difficulty sustaining attention in activity  Doesn’t listen  Loses things  has difficulty paying attention to detail/makes careless mistakes TYPE 3 SYMPTOMS (MIXED OR COMBINED) TYPE 4 SYMPTOMS (NOS- Not otherwise specified)  Lit trashcan on fire SUBTYPES:  Predominately hyperactive-impulsive  Predominately inattentive  Mixed or Combine (50% of people)  NOS – Not otherwise specified DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: MEDICAL  Sleep Apnea  Substance use disorder  Developmental disorder  Use of other meds PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS:  Mood Disorders  Psychotic disorders  Adjustment CO-MORBITIES OF ADHD:  Depression  ODD – Oppositional Defiant Disorder *** - most common  OCD – Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

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Behavioral Disorder (BD) Emotional Disorder (ED) Learning Disorder (LD) Teacher Disorder (TD) SUD – Substance Abuse Disorder *

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ADHD  Dopamine Synapse – stuff is deficient (mild, moderate, or severe)  Adrenaline – anything they are interest in will produce more adrenaline. CLINICAL MANAGEMENT  Educating parents/patients about ADHD  Behavioral treatment  Medication management  Combining medication/behavioral treatment ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT CATEGORIES  Controlled data (elimination diets, thyroid treatment, de-leading, relaxation training + EMG biofeedback)  Promising Pilot Work (EEG, biofeedback, laser acupuncture) PHARMACOTHERAPY – Doctor that prescribes medication  Approx. 2 children in 3 can be helped significantly by the use of stimulant medication.  Stimulant medication uses: Rapid first-order metabolism Rapid Absorption Low Plasma protein binding Rapid Extracellular and hepatic encephalopathy ***There are a lot of different ways to treat this STIMULANT FORMULATIONS:  Focalin: A refined form of Ritalin isolating only the effective isomer  Ritalin LA  Adderall XR  Metadate CD  Concerta  Vyvanse ***Very safe with few side effects. No dangerous, irreversible side-effects ISSUES IN THE USE OF STIMULANT MODIFICATIONS:  Growth Deficits: height and weight  Development or exaggeration of tic disorder (EX: Eye blinking)  Substance use disorder

OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER and CONDUCT DISORDER: ODD SYMPTOMS:  Angry, irritable  Argumentative  Vindictiveness CONDUCT DISORDER SYMPTOMS:  Bullies, use weapons that cause harm  Destruction of property  Serious violation of rules  Aggression to people and animals INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE:  ODD- 2-16%  Males more often than females  Predominant age: 8  CAUSES: Inherited and environmental factors (separation, divorce, abuse or neglect, lack of structure and guidance)    

CONDUCT – 2-10% Males more often than females Predominant age: 12 CAUSES: (Genetic and neurobiological factors, Cognitive behavioral factors, Psychological factors, Socio-cultural factors)

PROGNOSIS:  ODD: precursor to CD  Passive aggressive behaviors typically see themselves and victims 

CD: high levels of antisocial behavior

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Sometimes develop serious lifetime behavior problems

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD) (10 of them in DSM 5) SYMPTOMS: 

1 of 10 anxiety disorders classified in the DSM-5

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Excessive and uncontrollable worry

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Interferes with Daily Functioning ***

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Unknown causes: Risk factors and Theories

INCIDENCE and PREVALENCE:    

One of the most prevalent anxiety disorders 6.8 million adults (3.1% of the population) Women are twice as likely to have GAD*** Age of Diagnosis

PROGNOSIS  Chronic lifelong condition  Pharmacological  Psychotherapy BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER (BPD): (Adult diagnosis) – In young 20’s SYMPTOMS:  Serious psychiatric illness  They suck the life out of you if you’re around them  Self-harm and suicide attempts (“if you leave me, I’m going to kill myself) (swallow razor blades or batteries)  Unstable, chaotic relationships  Impulsive aggression  Unable to regulate mood  Mood instability disrupts work and time BPD: INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE in US:  2% of general population  70-75% of diagnosed are women CAUSES:  Exact causes unknown  Theories (Childhood history, genetics, biological, environmental) PROGNOSIS:  No medication  They treat the symptoms (no cure, you just try to reduce symptoms)  Completed suicide rate 8-10%  Individuals may improve over time with treatment  Most serious and most common personality disorder...